The Korean Journal of Health Psychology
- KOREAN
- P-ISSN1229-070X
- E-ISSN2713-9581
- KCI
A Study on the Validation of the Korean Version of the Pornography Use Motivation Scale (K-PUMS)
Abstract
Pornography use is one of the most common types of sexual behavior. In Korea, where information and communication technology has become common, a particularly high rate of pornography use has been reported. However, there is a general lack of research on this topic, anda Korean measure to assess underlying psychosocial factors of pornography use has not been developed. Thus, we translated and validated the Pornography Use Motivation Scale (PUMS; Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Bella et al., 2021), into Korean, and examined how the pornography use motivation relates to the frequency of pornography use and the problematic pornography use. Recruitment and data collection were conducted anonymously online. Participants consisted of 769 adults (384 men and 385 women), and the average age was 44.18 (SD=13.62). A series of procedures were implemented including a review of the translated scale by an expert committee as well as a pretest of the translated scale to obtain respondents’ feedback. Results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that an 8-factor (sexual pleasure, sexual curiosity, fantasy, boredom avoidance, lack of sexual satisfaction, emotional distraction/suppression, stress reduction, and self-exploration) model demonstrated adequate fit to the current data. The internal consistency coefficient of total scale and subscales were good (≥.86), and test-retest reliability (ICC) was .65 supporting temporal stability. Pornography use motivation measured by K-PUMS showed a significant and positive correlation with the frequency of pornography use and the problematic pornography use. Results of structural equation modeling showed that only the sub-factor of sexual pleasure predicts the frequency of pornography use, and none of the sub-factors predicts the problematic pornography use. Furthermore, results of the latent profile analysis indicated that participants were classified into heterogeneous groups only by the overall level of pornography use motivation, and heterogeneity according to differences between high and low levels of sub-factors was not observed. Lastly, theoretical and practical implications as well as the limitations of this study were discussed.
- keywords
- pornography, pornography use motivation, problematic pornography use, compulsive sexual behavior disorder, sex addiction, 음란물, 포르노, 음란물 사용동기, 문제적 음란물 사용, 강박적 성행동, 성중독
Reference
김태연 (2020). 해외 불법・유해정보 내용규제 실효성연구. 서울대학교 행정대학원 석사학위논문.
박경우, 장혜인 (2021). 한국어판 강박적 성행동 장애척도 (K-CSBD-19)의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 26(5), 859-879.
박경우, 장혜인, 김경식, 조융일 (2022). 게임 기기 다양성이 중학생의 게임 과의존에 미치는 영향: 게임 사용시간과 성별의 조절된 매개효과를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 27(2), 251-270.
박경우, 장혜인 (2022). COVID-19로 인한 심리적 고통이 강박적 성행동에 미치는 영향: 부정적 정서신념 및 충동성의 조절효과를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 27(2), 211-233.
심재웅 (2010). 청소년들의 음란물 노출시기가 음란물관련 태도에 미치는 영향. 미디어, 젠더 & 문화, 16, 75-104.
여성가족부 (2020). 2020년 청소년 매체이용 및 유해환경 실태조사. 서울: 여성가족부.
우종필 (2012). 우종필 교수의 구조방정식모델 개념과이해. 한나래출판사.
조유선, 문아람, 송아영 (2020). 성역할에 대한 여성의태도와 사회적 규범이 출산에 미치는 영향 분석. 비판사회정책, 66, 175-211.
중독포럼 (2020). 코로나19 전후 음주, 온라인게임, 스마트폰, 도박, 음란물 등 중독성행동변화 실태조사. 서울: 중독포럼
한국정보화진흥원 (2020). 2019 인터넷이용실태조사. 대구: 한국정보화진흥원.
한국행정연구원 (2019) 규제동향지 2019년 봄호. 서울:한국행정연구원.
홍다솜, 양난미 (2013). 대학생의 음주동기와 음주정도의 관계에서 예방행동전략의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 32(4), 931-948.
Alexander, M. G., & Fisher, T. D. (2003). Truth and consequences: Using the bogus pipeline to examine sex differences in self‐reported sexuality. Journal of Sex Research, 40(1), 27-35.
Antons, S., & Brand, M. (2021). Diagnostic and Classification Considerations Related to Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder and Problematic Pornography Use. Current Addiction Reports, 8, 452-457.
Ashton, S., McDonald, K., & Kirkman, M. (2019). What does ‘pornography’mean in the digital age? Revisiting a definition for social science researchers. Porn Studies, 6(2), 144-168.
Ballester-Arnal, R., Castro-Calvo, J., García-Barba, M., Ruiz-Palomino, E., & Gil-Llario, M. D. (2021). Problematic and non-problematic engagement in Online Sexual Activities across the lifespan. Computers in Human Behavior, 120, 106774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021. 106774.
Baranowski, A. M., Vogl, R., & Stark, R. (2019). Prevalence and determinants of problematic online pornography use in a sample of German women. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 16(8), 1274-1282.
Blaszczynski, A. (2016). Excessive pornography use:Empirically-enhanced treatment interventions. Australian Clinical Psychologist, 2(1), 803-812.
Bőthe, B., Potenza, M. N., Griffiths, M. D., Kraus, S. W., Klein, V., Fuss, J., & Demetrovics, Z. (2020). The development of the Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder Scale (CSBD-19): An ICD-11 based screening measure across three languages. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(2), 247-258.
Bőthe, B., Tóth-Király, I., Bella, N., Potenza, M. N., Demetrovics, Z., & Orosz, G. (2021). Why do people watch pornography? The motivational basis of pornography use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 35(2), 172.
Bőthe, B., Tóth-Király, I., Griffiths, M. D., Potenza, M. N., Orosz, G., & Demetrovics, Z. (2021). Are sexual functioning problems associated with frequent pornography use and/or problematic pornography use? Results from a large community survey including males and females. Addictive Behaviors, 112, 106603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106603
Bőthe, B., Tóth-Király, I., Potenza, M. N., Orosz, G., & Demetrovics, Z. (2020). High-frequency pornography use may not always be problematic. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 17(4), 793-811.
Bőthe, B., Tóth-Király, I., Zsila, Á., Griffiths, M. D., Demetrovics, Z., & Orosz, G. (2018). The development of the problematic pornography consumption scale (PPCS). The Journal of Sex Research, 55(3), 395-406.
Bőthe, B., Vaillancourt-Morel, M. P., & Bergeron, S. (2021). Associations between pornography use frequency, pornography use motivations, and sexual wellbeing in couples. The Journal of Sex Research, 59(4), 457-471.
Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K., &Potenza, M. N. (2016). Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE)model. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 252-266.
Bridges, A. J. (2019). Pornography and sexual assault. In Handbook of sexual assault and sexual assault prevention (pp. 129-149). Springer, Cham.
Butler, M. H., Pereyra, S. A., Draper, T. W., Leonhardt, N. D., & Skinner, K. B. (2018). Pornography use and loneliness: A bidirectional recursive model and pilot investigation. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 44(2), 127-137.
Buzzell, T. (2005). Demographic characteristics of persons using pornography in three technological contexts. Sexuality & Culture, 9(1), 28-48.
Camilleri, C., Perry, J. T., & Sammut, S. (2020). Compulsive Internet Pornography Use and Mental Health: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Sample of University Students in the United States. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.613244
Campbell, L., & Kohut, T. (2017). The use and effects of pornography in romantic relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 6-10.
Carlisle, K. L., Neukrug, E., Pribesh, S., & Krahwinkel, J. (2019). Personality, motivation, and Internet gaming disorder: Conceptualizing the gamer. Journal of Addictions & Offende Counseling, 40(2), 107-122.
Chen, L., Jiang, X., Wang, Q., Bőthe, B., Potenza, M. N., & Wu, H. (2022). The association between the quantity and severity of pornography use: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Sex Research, 59(6), 704-719.
Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6(4), 284-290.
Cooper, A. L., Delmonico, D. L., Griffin-Shelley, E., & Mathy, R. M. (2004). Online sexual activity:An examination of potentially problematic behaviors. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 11(3), 129-143.
Cooper, M. L., Shapiro, C. M., & Powers, A. M. (1998). Motivations for sex and risky sexual behavior among adolescents and young adults: a functional perspective. Journal of personality and social psychology, 75(6), 1528-1558.
Delmonico, D. L. (1997). Cybersex: High tech sex addiction. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity:The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 4(2), 159-167.
Dhir, A., Chen, S., & Nieminen, M. (2015). Predicting adolescent Internet addiction: The roles of demographics, technology accessibility, unwillingness to communicate and sought Internet gratifications. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 24-33.
Dwulit, A. D., & Rzymski, P. (2019). The potential associations of pornography use with sexual dysfunctions: An integrative literature review of observational studies. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(7), 914.
Eleuteri, S., & Terzitta, G. (2021). Sexuality during the COVID-19 pandemic: The importance of Internet. Sexologies, 30(1), e55-e60.
Esplin, C. R., Hatch, S. G., Hatch, H. D., Deichman, C. L., & Braithwaite, S. R. (2021). What motives drive pornography use?. The Family Journal, 29(2), 161-174.
Gleason, N., Banik, S., Braverman, J., & Coleman, E. (2021). The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Sexual Behaviors: Findings From a National Survey in the United States. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 18(11), 1851-1862.
Gorman, S., Monk-Turner, E., & Fish, J. N. (2010). Free adult Internet web sites: How prevalent are degrading acts? Gender Issues, 27(3), 131-145.
Gravel, E. E., Pelletier, L. G., & Reissing, E. D. (2016). “Doing it” for the right reasons:Validation of a measurement of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation for sexual relationships. Personality and Individual Differences, 92, 164-173.
Griffiths, M. (2005). A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10(4), 191-197.
Grubbs, J. B., & Kraus, S. W. (2021). Pornography use and psychological science: A call for consideration. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 30(1), 68-75.
Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A. L., Wilt, J., & Kraus, S. (2019). Internet Pornography Use and Sexual Motivation: A Systematic Review and Integration. Annals of the International Communication Association, 43(2), 117-155.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoffcriteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis:Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
Kline, R. B. (2019). 구조방정식모형: 원리와 적용 (이현숙, 장승민, 신혜숙, 김수진, 전경희 역). 서울:학지사.
Kohut, T., Baer, J. L., & Watts, B. (2016). Is pornography really about “making hate to women”? Pornography users hold more gender egalitarian attitudes than nonusers in a representative American sample. The Journal of Sex Research, 53(1), 1-11.
Laier, C., & Brand, M. (2017). Mood changes after watching pornography on the Internet are linked to tendencies towards Internet-pornographyviewing disorder. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 5, 9-13.
Lanza, S. T., & Rhoades, B. L. (2013). Latent class analysis: an alternative perspective on subgroup analysis in prevention and treatment. Prevention Science, 14(2), 157-168.
Levin, M. E., Lee, E. B., & Twohig, M. P. (2019). The role of experiential avoidance in problematic pornography viewing. The Psychological Record, 69(1), 1-12.
Lau, W. K. W., Ngan, L. H. M., Chan, R. C. H., Wu, W. K. K., & Lau, B. W. M. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on pornography use: Evidence from big data analyses. Plos one, 16(12), e0260386.
Louis, K. (2017). Pornography and Gender Inequality-Using Copyright Law as a Step Forward. Wm. & Mary J. Women & L., Vol. XXIV. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2905312
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130-149.
Malcolm, M., & Naufal, G. (2016). Are pornography and marriage substitutes for young men? Eastern Economic Journal, 42(3), 317-334.
Meston, C. M., & Buss, D. M. (2007). Why humans have sex. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36(4), 477-507.
Mestre-Bach, G., Blycker, G. R., & Potenza, M. N. (2020). Pornography use in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(2), 181-183.
Mikorski, R., & Szymanski, D. M. (2017). Masculine norms, peer group, pornography, Facebook, and men’s sexual objectification of women. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 18(4), 257-267.
Miller, D. J., Raggatt, P. T., & McBain, K. (2020). A literature review of studies into the prevalence and frequency of men’s pornography use. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 15(4), 502-529.
Milosevic, A., & Ledgerwood, D. M. (2010). The subtyping of pathological gambling: A comprehensive review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(8), 988-998.
OECD. (2021). Internet access (indicator). OECE. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/69c2b 997-en
Paul, B., & Shim, J. W. (2008). Gender, sexual affect, and motivations for Internet pornography use. International Journal of Sexual Health, 20(3), 187-199.
Reid, R. C., Li, D. S., Gilliland, R., Stein, J. A., &Fong, T. (2011). Reliability, validity, and psychometric development of the Pornography Consumption Inventory in a sample of hypersexual men. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 37(5), 359-385.
Scott-Sheldon, L. A., Terry, D. L., Carey, K. B., Garey, L., & Carey, M. P. (2012). Efficacy of expectancy challenge interventions to reduce college student drinking: a meta-analytic review. Psychology of addictive behaviors, 26(3), 393-405.
Shi, D., Lee, T., & Maydeu-Olivares, A. (2019). Understanding the model size effect on SEM fit indices. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 79(2), 310-334.
Sun, C., Miezan, E., Lee, N. Y., & Shim, J. W. (2015). Korean men’s pornography use, their interest in extreme pornography, and dyadic sexual relationships. International Journal of Sexual Health, 27(1), 16-35.
Tein, J. Y., Coxe, S., & Cham, H. (2013). Statistical power to detect the correct number of classes in latent profile analysis. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 20(4), 640-657.
Thomas, A. C., Allen, F. L., Phillips, J., &Karantzas, G. (2011). Gaming machine addiction:The role of avoidance, accessibility and social support. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(4), 738-744.
Tofighi, D., & Enders, C. K. (2008). Identifying the correct number of classes in growth mixture models. Advances in Latent Variable Mixture Models, 2007(1), 317-341.
United Nations Development Programme. (2022, February). Gender Inequality Index (GII). https://hdr.undp.org/en/content/gender-inequality -index-gii 2022. 03. 01. 자료 얻음.
Wéry, A., & Billieux, J. (2016). Online sexual activities: An exploratory study of problematic and non-problematic usage patterns in a sample of men. Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 257-266.
Willis, M., Bridges, A. J., & Sun, C. (2022). Pornography Use, Gender, and Sexual Objectification: A Multinational study. Sexuality & Culture, 26, 1-16.
World Health Organization. (2022, February). ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en# 2022. 03. 01. 자료 얻음.
Ybarra, M. L., Mitchell, K. J., Hamburger, M., Diener‐West, M., & Leaf, P. J. (2011). X‐rated material and perpetration of sexually aggressive behavior among children and adolescents: Is there a link? Aggressive Behavior, 37(1), 1-18.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations