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한국 성인의 이념적 지형과 심리적 요인
A Study on the Relations of Ideological Topology and Psychological Bases in South Korean Adults
이종택 (동양공업전문대학)
초록
진보와 보수를 가르는 이념적 지형에 대한 연구는 정치적 상황의 변화와 함께 많이 연구 되어 왔으나, 인구학적 변인에 따른 차이에 대한 심리학적 분석과 그러한 이념적 지형의 뒤에 있는 심리적 요인에 관한 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 서울과 천안에 거주하는 500명을 대상으로 Duckitt, Birum, Wanger, 및 Plessic(2002)이 제안한 이념적 태도와 성격변인들을 재는 질문지에 응답하게 한 결과, 교육수준이 낮고, 경제적 수준이 높을수록 더 보수적인 태도를 보였고, 남성보다는 여성이 기혼보다는 미혼자가 더 진보적인 태도를 갖고 있었다. 그러나, 진보와 보수에 대한 지지는 정치적, 경제적, 사회적 분야별로 다르게 나왔다. 서구인들은 연령과 무관하게 진보-보수의 이념적 분리가 강하여 연령에 따른 보수화가 낮은데 비하여 한국의 성인 집단에서는 연령에 따른 이념적 분리가 강하게 나타났다. 이념적 지형에 깔려있는 심리적 요인을 탐색하기 위하여 우익 권위주의, 사회적 지배성이라는 두 가지 성격들(RWA, SDO), 두 가지 세계관(위험한 세계관, 경쟁적 세계관), 세 가지 외집단에 대한 편견적 태도(북한, 부자, 기업인)들 간의 경로계수들의 결과, 한국 성인들의 이념적 지형은 이들 성격들, 세계관들로 잘 예언할 수 있는 것으로 나왔다. 한국 성인들의 보수성은 사회적 지배성보다는 우익 권위주의로 더 잘 예언할 수 있으며, 서구 사회에서처럼 강한 이념적 지향을 경험한 결과로 우익 권위주의로부터 사회적 지배성으로의 경로도 확인되어, 우익권위주의와 사회지배성을 중심으로 한 이중과정 모형을 지지하는 결과를 얻었다.
- keywords
- ideological topology, liberal-conservative, structural equation modeling, right wing authoritarianism, social dominance, social conformity, dangerous world view, tough mindedness, competitive jungle world, 이념적 지형, 진보와 보수, 심리적 요인, 우익 권위주의, 사회적 지배성
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to fill the lack of psychological exploration on the study of ideological topology in Korean adults and the possible psychological bases of such topology. Differential demographic effects like economic status, educational levels, gender, and age would related to liberal-conservative ideology in Korean setting compared to Western culture were examined in analysis 1. Psychological bases related on the ideological topology were probed in the analysis 2. To test the generality of the theoretical model relating personality and world views to ideological trends (conservative-liberal), prejudice (attitudes towards North Korea, rich people, and enterprisers), and life style by using structural equation modeling (SEM) with latent variables in a sample of Korean students and adults living in Cheonan and Seoul. 500 persons, 238 (47.6%) males and 262 (52.4%) females with an average age of 35 years old completed a survey questionnaire based on authoritarianism, social dominance, social conformity, life style, social attitudes and social world views. Different correlations between variables were analyzed, and the goodness of fit statistics and path coefficients for the structural equation modeling were interpreted. More conservatives evidenced in lower education, higher economics, and more liberal attitudes in females than males and married than not-married. But differential ideological configurations effects were revealed according to political, economical, and social domains. However, there was age effect, which is not for granted in Western society, which suggest there might be a cultural difference between Western countries and Korea. Generally, SEM model proposed by Duckitt, Birum, Wanger, and Plessic(2002) was supported, which means ideological trends and related social beliefs can be explained by the right wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance (SDO), which in turn connected with social conformity, dangerous world view, tough mindedness, competitive jungle world. Especially, RWA and SDO had positive, reciprocal, and causal impacts each other, path prediction from RWA to SDO than vice verse though, which suggest strong ideological orientations were established in Korea like Europe and America. More closer link political and social domains to RWA while economic domains to SDO and more strong relation between social confirmity and RWA, competitive world view and SDO. RWA than SDO can predict more conservatism but lesser RWA and SDO in females than males since more competitive world view and dangerous world view are prevalent in males than females. Finally, the limitations and future directions of the presents study were discussed.
- keywords
- ideological topology, liberal-conservative, structural equation modeling, right wing authoritarianism, social dominance, social conformity, dangerous world view, tough mindedness, competitive jungle world, 이념적 지형, 진보와 보수, 심리적 요인, 우익 권위주의, 사회적 지배성
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