ISSN : 1229-0653
This study investigated response inhibition and emotional recognition in undergraduate students divided into psychopathic tendencies and control groups according to the scores of Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (Lee, & Park, 2008; Lilienfeld & Widow, 2005). In order to explore the temporo-spatial characteristics of response inhibition and emotional recognition, event-related potentials(ERPs) were collected as participants performed three Go/NoGo tasks that required participants to respond to Go condition and to inhibit response to NoGo condition. Task 1 investigated response inhibition in a Go/NoGo task using neutral facial stimuli (Go condition) and fearful facial stimuli (NoGo condition). The statistical analysis of the P3 elicited by fearful facial stimuli indicated that psychopathic tendencies group showed significantly reduced NoGo-P3 amplitudes than the control group at the frontocentral and central areas. Task 2 investigated response inhibition in a Go/NoGo task using neutral facial stimuli (Go condition) and sad facial stimuli (NoGo condition). P3 elicited by sad facial stimuli indicated that individuals with psychopathic tendencies showed significantly reduced NoGo-P3 amplitudes than the control group at the frontocentral and central areas. Task 3 examined response inhibition in a Go/NoGo task using neutral facial stimuli (Go condition) and happy facial stimuli (NoGo condition). P3 elicited by happy facial stimuli indicated that psychopathic tendencies group showed the tendency of reduced NoGo-P3 amplitudes than the control group at the central area. In all tasks, psychopath tendencies group responded more slowly and less accurately than the control group. But both groups did not show significant differences in reaction times and accuracies. These results indicate that individuals with psychopathic tendencies have impaired response inhibition after facial emotion recognition.
권석만 (1997). 불안장애의 정신병리 평가. 정신병리학6, 37-51.
이수정, 박혜영 (2008). PPI-R 전문가 지침서 한국판 표준화. 서울: 학지사 심리검사연구소.
이영호, 송종용 (1991). BDI, SDS, MMPI-D 척도의 신뢰도 및 타당도에 대한 연구. 한국심리학회지, 10,98-113.
Ashby, H. U., Lee, R. R., & Duke, E. H. (1979). A narcissistic personality disorder MMPl scale. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.
Baron-Cohen, S. & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism and normal sex differences, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 34, 163–175.
Baron-Cohen, S., Richler, J., Bisarya, D., Gurunathan, N., & Wheelwright, S. (2003). The systemizing quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism and normal sex differences, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, 358, 361–374.
Barrett, L. F., Mesquita, B., Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2007). The experience of emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 373-403.
Bekker, E. M., Kenemans, J. L., Koeksma, M. R., Talsma, D., & Verbaten, M. N. (2005). The pure electrophysiology of stopping. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 55, 191-198.
Birbaumer, N., Veit, R., Lotze, M. Erb, M., Hermann, C. Grodd, W. & Flor, H. (2005). Deficient fear conditioning in psychopathy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 799-805.
Blair, R. J. R. (1995). A cognitive developmental approach to morality: Investigating the psychopath. Cognition, 57, 1-29.
Blair, R. J. R. (1999) Responsiveness to distress cues in the child with psychopathic tendencies. Personality and Individual Differences. 27, 135-145.
Blair, R. J. R., Budhani, S., Colledge, E., & Scott, S. (2005). Deafness to fear in boys with psychopathic tendencies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 327-336.
Blair, R. J. R., Colledge, E., Murray, L., & Mitchell, D. G. (2001). A selective impairment in the processing of sad and fearful expressions in children with psychopathic tendencies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 29, 491–498.
Blair, R. J. R., Jones, L., Clark, F., & Smith, M. (1997). The psychopathic individual: A lack of responsiveness to distress cues? Psychophysiology, 34, 192-198.
Blair, R. J. R., Mitchell, D. G. V., Peschardt, K. S., Colledge, E. Leonard, R. A. Shine, J. H., Murray, L. K., & Perrett, D. I. (2004). Reduced sensitivity to other’s fearful expressions in psychopathic individuals. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1111-1122.
Bokura, H., Yamaguchi, S., & Kobayashi, S. (2001). Electrophysiological correlates for response inhibition in a Go/NoGo task. Clinical Neurophysiology, 112, 2224–2232.
Breiter, H. C., Etcoff, N. L., Whalen, P. J., Kennedy, W. A., Rauch, S. L., Buckner, R. L., Strauss, M. M., Hyman, S., & Rosen, B. (1996). Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron, 17, 875-887.
Buss, A. H. & Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452–459.
Calder, A. J., Young, A. W., Rowland, D., Perrett, D. I., Hodges, J. R., & Etcoff, N. L. (1996). Facial emotion recognition after bilateral amygdala damage: Differentially severe impairment of fear. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 13, 699–745.
Casey, B. J., Trainor, R. J., Orendi, J. L., Schubert, A. B., Nystrom, L. E., Giedd, J. N., Castellanos, X., Haxby, J. V., Noll, D. C., Cohen, J. D., Forman, S. D., Dahl, R. E., & Rapoport, J. L. (1997). A developmental functional MRI study of prefrontal activation during performance of a go-no go task. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 835-847.
Cleckley, H. (1976). The mask of sanity. St. Louis, MO: C.V. Mosby.
Deeley, Q., Daley, E., Surguladze, S., Tunstall, N., Mezey, G., Beer, D., Ambikapathy, A., Robertson, D., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M. J., Clarke, A., Dowsett, J., Fahy, T., Phillips, M. L., & Murphy, D. G. (2006). Facial emotion processing in criminal psychopathy: Preliminary functional magnetic resonance imaging study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 533-539.
Dolan, M. & Fullam, R. (2006). Face affect recognition deficits in personality-disordered offenders: Association with psychopathy. Psycholicial Medicine, 36, 1563-1569.
Fallgatter, A. J., Müeller, T. J., & Strik, W. K. (1999). Age-related changes in the brain electrical correlates of response control. Clinical Neurophysiology, 110, 833–838.
Fine, C. & Blair, R. J. R. (2000). Mini review: The cognitive and emotional effects of amygdala damage. Neurocase, 6, 435-450.
Gordon, H. L., Baird, A. A., & End, A. (2004). Functional differences among those high and low on a trait measure of psychopathy. Biological Psychiatry, 56, 516-521.
Greenhouse, W. W. & Geisser, S. (1959). On methods in the analysis of profile data. Psychometrika, 24, 95-112.
Hare, R. D. (1991). The hare psychopathy checklist-revised. Tronto: Multi-Health Systems.
Hare, R. D. (1993). Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. New York: Guilford.
Hastings, M. E., Tangney, J. P., & Stuewig, J. (2008). Psychopathy and identification of facial expressions of emotion. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1474-1483.
Herpertz, S., Werth, U., Lucas, G., Qunaibi, M., Scherkens, A., Kunert, H. J., Fresse, R., Flesh, M., Mueller-Isberner, R., Osterheider, M., & Sass, H. (2001). Emotion in criminal offenders with psychopathy and borderline personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 737-745.
Jodo, E. & Kayama, Y. (1992). Relation of a negative ERP component to response inhibition in a Go/No-Go task. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 82, 477–482.
Kiehl, K. A., Smith, A. M., Hare, R. D., & Liddle, P. F. (2000). An event-related potential investigation of response inhibition in schizophrenia and psychopathy. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 210-221.
Kiehl, K. A., Smith, A. M., Hare, R. D., Mendrek, A., Forster, B. B., Brink, J., & Liddle, P. F. (2001). Limbic abnormalities in affective processing by criminal psychopaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 677-684.
Kok, A. (1986). Effects of degradation of visual stimulation on components of the event-related potential (ERP) in Go/NoGo reaction tasks. Biological Psychology, 23, 21-38.
Lapierre, D., Braun, C. M. J., & Hodgins, S. (1995). Ventral frontal deficits in psychopathy: Neuropsychological test findings. Neuropsychologia,, 33, 139-151.
Levenson, M .R., Kiehl, K. A., & Fitzpatrick, C. M. (1995). Assessing psychopathic attributes in a noninstitutionalized population. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 151-158
Lilienfeld, S. O. & Widows, M. R. (2005). Psychopathic personality inventory–revised: Professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Mahamut, M. K., Homewood, J., & Stevenson, R. J. (2008). The characteristics of non-criminals with high psychopathy traits: Are they similar to criminal psychopaths? Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 697-692.
Mehrabian, A. & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy, Journal of Personality, 40, 525 –543.
Morey, L. C. (1991). The personality assessment screener professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Morris, J. S., Frith, C. D., Perrett, D. I., Rowland, D., Young, A. W., & Calder, A. J. (1996). A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions. Nature, 383, 812–815.
Munro, G. E., Dywan, J., Harris, G. T., McKee, S., Unsal, A., & Segalowitz, S. J. (2007). ERN varies with degree of psychopathy in an emotion discrimination task. Biological Psychology, 76, 31-42.
Newman J. P. & Wallace, J. F. (1993). Psychopathy and cognition. In: Kendall, P. C., & Dobson, K. S. editors Psychopathology and cognition. New York: Academic Press, 293-349.
Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S.(1995). Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 51, 768–774
Pfefferbaum, A., Ford, J. M., Weller, B. J., & Kopell, B. S. (1985). ERPs to response production and inhibition. Clinical Neurophysiology, 60, 423-434.
Phillips, M. L., Young, A. W., Senior, C., Brammer, M., Andrew, C., & Calder, A. J. (1997). A specific neural substrate for perceiving facial expressions of disgust. Nature, 389: 495–498.
Raine, A. (1985). A psychometric assessment of Hare's checklist for psychopathy on an English prison population. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24, 247-258.
Raskin, R. N. & Hall, C. S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports 45, 590.
Ridderinkhof, K. R., Ullsperger, M., Crone, E. A., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2004). The Role of the Medial Frontal Cortex in Cognitive Control. Science, 15, 443-447.
Roberts, L. E., Rau, H., Lutzenberger, W., & Birbaumer, N. (1994). Mapping P300 waves onto inhibition: Go/No-Go discrimination. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 92, 44-55.
Roussy, S. & Toupin, J.(2000). Behavioral inhibition deficits in juvenile psychopaths. Aggressive Behavior 26, 413-424.
Squires, N. K., Squires, K. C., & Hillyard, S. A. (1975). Two varieties of long-latency positive waves evoked by unpredictable auditory stimuli in man. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 38, 387-401.
Starkstein, S. E., & Robinson, R. G. (1997). Mechanism of disinhibition after brain lesions. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 185, 108-114.
Stevens, D., Charman, T., & Blair, R. J. R. (2001). Recognition of emotion in facial expressions and vocal tones in children with psychopathic tendencies. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 162, 201-211.
Strik, W. K., Fallgatter, A. J., Brandeis, D., & Pascual-Marqui, R. D. (1998). Three-dimensional tomography of event-related potentials during response inhibition: Evidence for phasic frontal lobe activation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 108, 406–413.
Tekok-Kilie, A., Shucard, J. L., & Shucard, D. W. (2001). Stimulus modality and Go/NoGo effects on P3 during parallel visual and auditory continuous performance tasks. Psychophysiology, 38, 578-589.
Van, Veen, V. & Carter, C. S. (2002). The anterior cingulate as a conflict monitor: fMRI and ERP studies. Physiology and Behavior, 77, 477-482.
Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L., McInerney, S. C., Lee, M. B., & Jenike, M. A. (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 411–418.