- P-ISSN1229-0653
- KCI
세월호 참사에 대한 일반인들의 침습기억과 사건중심성 간 관계에서 사회적 공유의 매개효과: 종단연구
The mediating effects of social sharing in the relationship between intrusive memory and event centurality of the Sewol ferry disaster in the public: Longitudinal analysis
심기선 (이화여자대학교)
안현의 (이화여자대학교)
초록
본 연구는 세월호 참사를 간접적으로 경험한 일반 시민들을 대상으로 세월호 참사에 대하여 침습적으로 떠오르는 기억을 자신의 삶과 정체성에 통합시키는 과정에서 사회적 공유 행동이 매개 역할을 하는지 검증하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 특히, 시간 흐름에 따라 지속적으로 타인과 사건에 대한 기억을 공유하는 일이 장기적으로 침습적인 기억을 개인의 삶의 중심적 사건으로 여기는 과정에 중요한 의미를 지닌 활동임을 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여, 전국 20대에서 60대의 성인을 대상으로 21개월의 간격으로 총 2회 온라인 서베이를 실시하였으며 1차 시점에서 총 1156명의 자료가 수집되었고, 2차 시점에서 총 485명의 자료가 수집되었다. 본 연구에서는 1차와 2차 설문 모두에 응답하고, 세월호 사건에 직접적으로 관련된 사람을 제외한 443명의 데이터를 최종 분석에 사용하였다. 모형 검증 결과, 1차시의 침습기억과 2차시의 사건중심성 간의 관계를 1차시와 2차시의 사회적 공유가 유의하게 이중 매개하고 있음을 확인하였다. 또한, 성별과 연령에 따른 차이를 확인하기 위해 다집단 분석을 실시한 결과, 남녀 집단과 청년 및 중년 집단 모두에서 사회적 공유의 매개 효과는 유의하였으며 성별과 연령 집단에 따라 사회적 공유의 매개효과 크기에 차이가 있었다. 본 연구는 세월호 참사에 대한 사적 기억이 집단 기억화 되는 과정에 사회적 공유가 의미있는 역할을 한다는 점을 검토함으로써 세월호 참사와 같이 사회적 파급이 큰 재난 사건을 일반 시민들이 왜 기억하고 왜 그 기억을 공유해야 하는가에 대한 근거를 마련하는데 기여했다.
- keywords
- Sewol ferry disaster, Social sharing, the public, intrusive memory, centrality of event, longitudinal analysis, 세월호 참사, 일반 시민, 침습기억, 사회적 공유, 사건중심성, 이중매개효과, 종단연구
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to verify whether social sharing is an important mediating factor in the process of integrating the intrusive memory of Sewol ferry disaster into the life and identity of general citizens who have indirect experience of that event. Particularly, in the long term, we tried to confirm that the activities that are shared continuously are important activities in this process. To do this, we carried out two online surveys at 21month intervals for adults in 20s to 60s. A total of 1156 data were collected at the first time point, and a total of 485 data were collected at the second time point. In this study, data for 443 respondents to both primary and secondary surveys were used for the final analysis, except for those directly related to the Sewol ferry disaster. As a result, the relationship between the primary intrusive memory and the secondary event centrality was significantly mediated by the social sharing of primary and secondary. In addition, a multiple group analysis was performed to confirm the difference according to sex and age. As a result, the longitudinal mediating effects of social sharing was significant in both gender group and aged groups, and there was difference in mediation effect size between male and female group and young and middle age groups. The purpose of this study is to investigate how social sharing plays a significant role in the process of collective memory of personal memory of Sewol ferry disaster and this study contributed to establishing the grounds for why ordinary citizens should remember and share the memory of a disaster such as Sewol ferry disaster.
- keywords
- Sewol ferry disaster, Social sharing, the public, intrusive memory, centrality of event, longitudinal analysis, 세월호 참사, 일반 시민, 침습기억, 사회적 공유, 사건중심성, 이중매개효과, 종단연구
참고문헌
서울경제 (2017.04.16). ‘세월호 참사 3주기 미안해, 잊지 않을게...전국이 노란 물결’. http://www.sedaily.com/NewsView/1OEO5C5A60
연합뉴스 (2017.04.22). ‘잊지않겠다는 약속 지키려.. 목포 신항 메운 세월호 추모객’. http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2017/04/22/0200000000AKR20170422051100054.HTML?input=1195m
한겨례 (2014.12.31). ‘광복 이후 가장 중요한 사건 2040 세월호, 5060 한국전쟁)’. http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/671733.html
한겨례 (2016.04.15). ‘나이 적을수록 뇌리에 깊은 상처’ http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/739917.html
김교헌 (1992). 자기노출의 기능. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 11, 81-107.
김상희, 박성현 (2017). 연령대별 삶의 의미와 안녕감의 관계: 10대, 20대, 40대 간 의미추구, 의미발견이 삶의 만족에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 31(1), 61-78.
김주환, 김민규, 홍세희 (2009). 구조방정식 모형으로 논문쓰기. 서울: 커뮤니케이션북.
문희정, 주혜선, 안현의 (2016). 재난으로 인한 외상성 상실에 대한 추모 현상 분석-세월호 사건을 중심으로. 한국위기관리논집, 12(6), 15-31.
민문경, 주혜선, 안현의 (2016). 사회적 공감 잠재계층 분류에 따른 재난 이후 사회적 공유와 공동체 리질리언스의 차이. 상담학연구, 17(6), 183-204.
박소윤, 정남운 (2015). 사건 중심성과 외상 후 성장의 관계 분석. 상담학연구, 16(5), 141- 155.
손승희 (2014). 사회적 사건에 의한 청소년의 간접외상 및 관련요인 연구: 세월호 사건을 중심으로. 청소년학연구, 21(10), 269-294.
신효정, 최현주, 이민영, 노현경, 김근화, 장유진, 이상민 (2012). 스트레스 대처방식이 학업소진에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 학교, 9(2), 289-309.
안현의, 주혜선, 민지원, 심기선 (2013). 한국판 사건관련 반추 척도의 타당화. 인지행동치료, 13(1), 149-172.
안현의, 주혜선, 심기선, 민지원 (2013). 한국판 기억 경험 질문지의 타당화. 상담학 연구, 14(1), 401-422.
윤은하, 김유승 (2016). 노근리 사건의 사회적 기억과 기록에 관한 연구. 한국기록관리학회지, 16(2), 57-79.
이나빈, 민문경, 안현의, 천혜정 (2015). 한국의 사회적 위기사건에 대한 기억특성과 사건 중심성 간 관계에서 사회적 공유의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 29(3), 23- 44.
이선미, 은헌정 (1999). 한국판 사건 충격 척도의 신뢰도 및 타당도에 관한 연구. 신경정신의학, 38, 501-513.
이홍표, 최윤경, 이재호, 이홍석 (2016). 세월호 뉴스 노출을 통한 간접 외상의 심리적 영향. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 22(3). 411-430.
조명숙, 이영호 (2011). 사건중심척도의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 30(3), 763-774.
주지영, 허 승, 윤영애, 채정호 (2016). 재난 피해자들을 대상으로 한 코호트 연구 현황과 과제. 한국신경정신의학회, 55(3), 168-175.
주혜선, 심기선, 안현의 (2015). 침습적 외상 기억과 외상관련 정서의 종단 관계 연구: 외상 후 6개월 이상 경과된 대학생을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 34(1), 159-183.
Alea, N., & Bluck, S. (2003). Why are you telling me that?: A conceptual model of the social function of autobiographical memory. Memory, 11, 165-178.
Berntsen, D., & Rubin, D. C. (2006). Centrality of event scale. A measure of integrating a trauma into one’s identity and its relation to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Behaviour research and therapy, 44, 219-231.
Berntsen, D., & Rubin, D. C. (2007). When a trauma becomes a key to identity: Enhanced integration of trauma memories predicts post traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21, 417-431.
Berntsen, D. (2009). Flashbulb memories and social identity. In O. Luminet, & A. Curci (Eds.), Flashbulb memories: New issues and new perspectives (pp. 187-205). New York: Psychology Press.
Boals, A., & Schuettler, D. (2009). PTSD symptoms in response to traumatic and non-traumatic events: The role of respondent perception and A2 criterion. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 1-5.
Boals, A., & Schuettler, D. (2011). A double edged sword: Event centrality, PTSD and post traumatic growth. Applied cognitive psychology, 25(5), 817-822.
Boals, A., Steward, J. M., & Schuettler, D. (2010). Advancing our understanding of post traumatic growth by considering event centrality. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 15(6), 518-533.
Boals, A. (2010). Events that have become central to identity: Gender differences in the centrality of events scale for positive and negative events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(1), 107-121.
Boals, A. (2010). Autobiographical memories that have become central to identity: Gender differences in the Centrality of Events Scale for positive and negative events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24, 107-121.
Bremner, J. D., Southwick, M., Darnell, M. A., & Charney, D. S. (1996). Chronic PTSD in vietnam combat veterans: Course of illness and substance abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 369-375.
Brewin, C. R. (2011). The nature and significance of memory disturbance in posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 203-227.
Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthén, B. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological bulletin, 105(3), 456.
Bryant, R. A., Nickerson, A., Creamer, M., O’Donnell, M., Forbes, D., Galatzer-Levy, I., McFarlane, A. C., & Silove, D. (2015). Trajectory of post-traumatic stress following traumatic injury: 6-year follow-up. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 206, 417-423.
Calmes, C. A., & Roberts. J. E. (2008). Rumination in interpersonal relationships: Does co-rumination expalin gender differences in emotional distress and relationship satisfaction among college students?. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 577-590.
Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2010). The posttraumatic growth model: Sociocultural considerations. In T. Weiss & R. Berger (Eds.). Posttraumatic growth and culturally competent practice (pp.1-14). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (Eds.). (1999). Facilitating posttraumatic growth: A clinician's guide. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Cohen, J., Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G. A., Leona, S., Patricia Cohen, S. G. W., & Leona, S. A. (2003). Applied multiple regression/ correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (No. Sirsi) i9780805822236).
Curci, A., & Rimé, B. (2012). The temporal evolution of social sharing of emotions and its consequences on emotional recovery: A longitudianl study. Emotion, 12(6), 1404-1414.
Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological methods, 1(1), 16.
Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., & Michael, T. (2004). Intrusive reexperiencing in posttraumatic stress disorder. Memory, 12(4), 403-415.
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour research and therapy, 38(4), 319-345.
Finkenauer, C., & Rimé, B. (1998). Socially shared emotional experiences vs. emotional experiences kept secret: Differential characteristics and consequences. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 17, 295-318.
Foa, E. B., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1998). Treating the trauma of rape. New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
Haggard, D. L., Robert, C., & Rose, A. J. (2011). Co-rumination in the workplace: Adjustment trade-offs for men and women who engage in excessive discussions of workplace problems. Journal of Business and Psychology, 26, 27-40.
Kendler, K. S., Myers, J., & Prescott, C. A. (2005). Sex difference in the relationship between social support and risk for major depression: A longitudinal study of opposite-sex twin pairs. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 250-256.
Knudsen, H. K., Roman, P. M., Johnson, J. A., & Ducharme, L. J. (2005). A changed America? The effects of September 11th on depressive symptoms and alcohol assumption. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46, 260-273.
Lepore, S. J., Ragan, J. D., & Jones, S. (2000). Talking facilitates cognitive-emotional processes of adaptation to an acute stressor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 499-508.
Levinson, D. J., & Levinson, J. D. (1996). The seasons of a woman's life. Knopf.
Martin, L. L., & Tesser, A. (1996). Some ruminative thoughts. In R. S. Wyer (Ed.), Ruminative thoughts: Advances in social cognition (Vol. 9, pp.1-47). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Davis, C. G. (2005). Positive responses to loss: Perceiving benefits and growth. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez(Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology(pp. 598-603). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on psychological science, 3(5), 400-424.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Larson, J. (1999). Coping with loss. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Parkes, C. M. (2008). Bereavement following disasters. Handbook of bereavement Research and Practice. Washington DC: American Psychologycal Association. 463-484.
Pennebaker, J. W., & Harber, K. D. (1993). A social stage model of collective coping: The Loma-Prieta earthquake and the Persian Gulf war. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 125-145.
Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Confession, inhibition, and disease. Advances in experimental social psychology, 22, 211-244.
Pennebaker, J. W., & Hoover, C. W. (1986). 5 Inhibition and Cognition. Consciousness and self-regulation: Advances in research and theory, 4, 107.
Pennebaker, J. W., Barger, S. D., & Tiebout, J. (1989). Disclosure of traumas and health among Holocaust survivors. Psychosomatic medicine, 51(5), 577-589.
Pillemer, D. B. (1992). Remembering personal circumstances: A functional analysis. In E. Winograd, & U. Neisser (Eds.), Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of ‘flashbulb’ memories (pp. 236-264). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Pillemer, D. B. (1998). Momentous events, vivid memories: How unforgettable moments help us to understand the meaning of our lives. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Pillemer, D. B. (2009). Twenty years after Baddeley (1988). Is the study of autobiographical memory fully functional?. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23(8), 1193-1208.
Rimé, B. (1995). Mental rumination, social sharing, and the recovery from emotional exposure. In J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.). Emotion, disclosure, and health, (pp. 271-291). American Psychological Association: Washington D. C.
Rimé, B. (2009). Emotion elicits the social sharing of emotion: Theory and empirical review. Emotion Review, 1(1), 60-85.
Rimé, B., Finkenauer, C., Luminet, O., Zech, E., & Philippot, P. (1998). Social sharing of emotion: New evidence and new questions. European review of social psychology, 9(1), 145-189.
Rimé, B., Paez, D., Basabe, N., & Martinez, F. (2010). Social sharing of emotion, post-traumatic growth, and emotional climate: Follow-up of Spanish citizen’s response to the collective trauma of March 11th terrorist attacks in Madrid. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 1029-1045.
Rimé, B., Philippot, P., Boca, S., & Mesquita, B. (1992). Long-lasting cognitive and social consequences of emotion: Social sharing and rumination. European review of social psychology, 3(1), 225-258.
Rime, B., Mesquita, B., Boca, S., & Philippot, P. (1991). Beyond the emotional event: Six studies on the social sharing of emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 5(5-6), 435-465.
Rubin, D. C. (2005). A basic-systems approach to autobiographical memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(2), 79-83.
Rubin, D. C., Boals, A., & Berntsen, D. (2008). Memory in posttraumatic stress disorder: properties of voluntary and involuntary, traumatic and nontraumatic autobiographical memories in people with and without posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137(4), 591.
Schuettlera, D., & Boals, A. (2011). The Path to Post traumatic Growth Versus Post traumatic Stress Disorder: Contributions of Event Centrality and Coping. Journal of Loss and Trauma: International Perspectives on Stress & Coping, 16(2), 180-194.
Schuster, M. A., Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Collins, R. L., Marshall, G. N., Elliot, M. N., Zhou, A. J., Kanouse, D. E., Morrison, J. L., & Berry, S. H. (2001). A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1507- 1512.
Steger, M. F., Oishi, S., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009). Meaning in life across the life span: Levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(1), 43-52.
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual fundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 1-18.
Vergara, A. (1993). Sex0 e identidad de genero: Diferencias en el conomiento social de las emociones en el modo de compartirlas [Sex and gender identity: Differences in social knowledge on emotions and in ways of sharing them]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Universidad del Pais Vasco, San Sebastian, Spain.
Wegner, D. M. (1989). White bears and other unwanted thoughts: Suppression, obsession, and the psychology of mental control. New York: Viking.
Williams, D. (1999). Human responses to change. Futures, 31(6), 609-616.
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
- 0KCI 피인용수
- 0WOS 피인용수