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- P-ISSN1226-9654
- E-ISSN2733-466X
- KCI
ISSN : 1226-9654
Vol.1
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of different sequence structures on I he bilateral transfer of learning from one sequence to another. Subjects were asked to respond to visual stimulus of a "x" mark appeared in a particular sequence on the CRT at one of four locations arranged horizontally. They were instructed to respond to the visual signal by pressing the corresponding keys with their four fingers After practicing one serial pattern for a substantial period of time with one hand, the subjects transferred to a second pattern with the other hand III subjects were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions and a control condition [hierarchy(n =6). VS. linear(n =6), control(n =6)]. Reaction time constituted the dependent variable and learning of the sequence was evaluated by measuring the amount of facilitation of the performance on the transfer tasks. Two types of sequence transformations were used to study the bilateral transfer of learning from one sequence to another (1) hieararchical transfer patterns for a hieararchy group were designed in a way such that the three groups of elements of the practice pattern were rearranged. Thus. Sub-group integrity was maintained even though the overall element orders was rearranged. (2) linear: For a linear group, the transfer pattern was identical 10 the practice pattern except that the starting position was altered. In this condition, the order of elements in pattern was very similar in the initial and transfer condition, but sub-group identity was altered A third group(control group) received an entirely new pattern. The results were following (1) No statistical differences among the hieararchy, linear and control groups were found in initial training performance [F(2, 15)=0.359, p>.05]. (2) However, during the initial training phase the ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of practice trials which indicated all three group, learned the sequence significantly better as the practice trials progressed [F(9. 135)=20.007, p<.001]. (3) On the initial training phase. the ANOVA showed there was no interation between conditions and practice trials [F(18, 135) =0.618, p>.05]. (4) On the transfer phase. the hieararchy group was significantly superior 10 either the linear or control groups [F(2, 15)= 8.95, p< .003]. The findings support the notion thet the internal representation of a sequence is hieararchicalIy, rather than linearly. organized and the execution of movement sequence is controlled hieararchically even though different effector(different hand in this study). In addition. the results provided strong evidence for the notion that the subunits of movement can be interchangeable once subjects establish interval structure of the sequence.
Abstract
The present experiment purports to examine effects of the cerebellar cortical simple lobule(HVI) on the classical conditioning of rabbit's nictitating membrane responses(NMR). The study examined whether the lobule HVI is an essential structure for NMR conditioning and whether it is the localized site where the critical memory trace related to classical NMR conditioning is formed. Many of the previous studies which explored the function of the lobule HVI in the MNR neural circuit have employed aspiration lesion techniques. But the aspiration may also damage inferior olive, pontine nuclus and deep cerebellar nucleus by retrograde degenerations of neural fibers as well as the simple lobule. In this study, kainic acid was micro-injected into the lobule HVI in order to overcome such porblems because the kainic acid destroys selectively the cell bodies and leave the fibers intact. Subjects were 16 rabbits. All animals were trained using standard procedures for NMR conditioning. The conditioning involves a tone(1㎑, 85㏈ SPL, 350㎳) as the conditioned stimulus(CS) with a coterminating periorbital electric shock(3㎃, 100㎳) delivered at the right eye as the unconditioned stimulus(US). Following the conditioning, the simple lobule of the right side cerebellum was lesioned. After recovery, animals received 5 days training on the right side to test for retention and reacquisition of conditioned responses. Then, animals received an additional session in which training was switched to the left side. Results show that complete lesions of the lobule HVI abolished previously established conditioning and prevented subsequent reacqusition, while unconditioned responses to US were intact. Lesions of the other cerebellar lobules did not impair the conditioning. The results suggested that the simple lobule is an essential part for classical NMR conditioning and that neural plasticity related to memory trace during the conditioning occurs in the simple lobule rather than in the dentate-interpositus nucleus.
Abstract
The purpose of the present investigation was to the potential role of acetylcholine(Ach) in escape interference in rats produced by inescapable shock. The centrally acting anticholinergic, scopolamine hydrobromide(1.0mg/kg) eliminated the disruptive effects of previously adminstered inescapable shock. In contrast, the anticholinestrase, physostimine salicylate (0.1mg/kg) successfully mimicked the effects of inescapable shock. The escape interference effect of inescapable shock was facilitated by treament with physostigmine(Exp.1). The elimination of the escape deficits by scopolamine administration might not be a result of asymmetrical state dependence(Exp.2). The centrally acting scopolamine substantially antagonized the effecsts of physostigmine(Exp.3). It was concluded that inescapable shock is involved in central Ach changes. This result supported the "Ach hypothesis" in the explanation of the escape deficits of the rats following uncontrollable stress. It was speculatively argued that inescapable shock might activate septo-hippocampal behavioral inhibition system, which is mediated by an increase in Ach activity.
Abstract
Two expetiments were conducted to examine the validity of the fusion theory, the suppression dveory, and the Wolfe's model of stereopsis. In the first experiment. dichoptic stimuli having no interocular counterpart were presented to the subjects in order to test the necessity of fusion as an essential prerequsite for stereoscopic depth perception. In the second experiment, dichoptic stimuli designed to activate only rivalry pathway but not stereoscopic pathway in the Wolfe's model were presented to the subjects to test whether suppression could 6e a necessary condition for binocular single vision. Results of the experiments show that first, subjects perceive depth in the stimuli which have not interocular counterpart. Second, subjects perceive depth in the stimuli that activate only the rivalry pathway. The results imply that fusion is not a prerequisite for the depth perception, that unlike the assumption of Wolfe's model rivalry pathway is not independent of stereopsis pathway and finally that binocular rivalry does not always occur.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dorsomedial thalamic nuclei lesions on cognitive learning task(eq. maze learning) and emotional learning task(eq. conditional avoidance learning) in the rat. The results of this study were as follows. First, experimental group showed significantly more errors than control group in the Hebb-Williams maze task, Second, experimental group showed significantly lower learning ability than control group in the one-way conditional avoidance learning. Third, in the maze learning, experimental group showed reduced errors in the second day learning compared to the first day learning score. But, in the conditional avoidance learning, does not showed any difference between two days learning score. These results suggested that dorsomedial thalamic nuclei might be related to emotional learning task, as well as cognitive learning task.
Abstract
Several possible operations on visual curve tracing were investigated using elementary stimuli without interweaving curves. Experiment 1 required subjects to determine whether a line segment was connected or disconnected by one or two gap(s). The effects of line complexity, gap redundancy, two-point distance, and gap distance were assessed. Mean response time for both gap and no-gap trials increased linearly with two-point distance (i.e., linear distance between the ends of the line segment). Furthermore, two-point distance interacted with line complexity. Therefore, response time increased with the distance along the curve, consistent with the notion of "curve tracing"(Ullman, 1984). In the gap trials, however, mean response time increased linearly with gap distance (i,e.. distance between a central point and a gap). Furthermore, mean response time for double-gap trials was faster than that for single-gap trials. Using a half circle with a gap and two Xs. Experiment 2 tested whether the curve tracing operation is carried out by an exhaustive or by a self-terminating process. Again, mean response time in same trials increased linearly with the distance between two Xs. However, mean response time in different trials remained unaffected by the distance between two Xs. Taken together, effects of gap distance and gap redundancy are best explained by a self-terminating curve tracing process.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of reserpine treatment on the isolation-induced hyperaggression in A/J strain of albino mice. Male mice were separated from their own litters on the weaning day(21±1 days) and reared in isolation or in group for 57days. The behavioral index of aggression is the tail-rattling(TR) response to the opponent animal surrounded by a wire screen. In the pretest, both isolation and group animals were exposed to the opponent animal and TR responses were observed. Mice which showed TR response in the pretest were tested after reserpine(2.5mg/kg) injection. The present results are as follows: 1) isolation-reared animals showed higher aggression than those of group-reared animals in the pretest 2) reserpine treatment effectively reduced the occurrence of TR response in both isolation-reared and group-reared animals. These results are consistent with our previous study(Chang, et al., 1988) that diazepam treatment decreased the isolation-induced hyperaggression.
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the cerebellum is a critically important structure for the conditioning of nictitating membrane response(NMR). The aim of the experiment was to determine whether inferior olive is part of a neural circuit which provides unconditioned stimlus(US) information to the cerebellum during NMR conditioning. Rabbits were lesioned on the inferior olive after they were conditioned using tone as conditioned stimulus(CS) and periorbital shock as US. And then 2-week of recovery period was followed by retraining period. Lesions of the rostro-medial portions of the inferior olive(rmIO) abolished the conditioning and prevented subsequent acquisition on either side. The lesion had no effect on the performance of the unconditioned response. Lesions of the lateral portions to and those of dorsal portions above the rmIO did not impair NMR conditioning. The results suggest rmIO is an essential part for the NMR conditioning.
Abstract
Brightness, hue, and saturation have been belived as fundamental dimensions of color perception. The notion has recently been confirmed by empirical evidences using MDS, though a few conflicting results showed itself. The present study was to determine the dimensions underneath the responses of color description with various color names and adjectives, using factor analysis. The rating responses to 77 color patches randomly sampled from Panton Color Book, with 67 predicatives was analysed, appling principal component and Varimax rotation, for each of six observers. The major dimensions coming out from the analysis were not brightness, hue, or saturation. There was a tendency that brightness, hue, and saturation were confused each other into new confounded dimensions such as "Clear-muddiness". "Dark-blueness", and "Dark-brownness". Another tendency was that brightness was devided into "blackness" and "grayness" and hue into "redness", "yellowness", "greenness" and so forth.
Abstract
Classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response(NMR) of rabbits has been shown to be critically dependent upon the cerebellum. The rostro-medial portions of the inferior olive(rmIO) receive facial somatosensory information and relay it to the cerebellum. The present experiment was conducted to answer the question of whether inferior olive is part of a neural circuit which provides unconditioned(US) information to the cerebellum during NMR conditioning. After lesion electrodes were implanted in the inferior olive of the rabbits, then they were conditioned by pairing tone as conditioned stimulus(CS) and periorbital shock as US. Lesions were then made through the chronic electrode and reconditioning was attempted from the next day on. The lesions of the rmIO caused a previously conditioned NMR to decrease slowly in CR percentile even with continued CS-US pairing. This phenomenon is similar to extinction of the learned response. The lesion had no effect on the unconditioned response. Lesions of the lateral portions to and dorsal portions above the IO did not affect the conditioned NMR. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the cerebellum is a critically important neuronal structure of the NMR learning and US information is conveyed to the cerebellum by the climbing fiber from the inferior olive.
Abstract
The attentional process by which animals learn to ignore an irrelevant stimulus was examined after the treatment with L-dopa or bilateral electrolytic lesions of locus coeruleus(LC). Rats received daily 100 trials of two-way avoidance training in which each trial was initiated by a 10-sec tone stimulus and terminated either by a shuttle response during the tone(avoidance) or by a response during the electric shock(escape). The training sessions continued until the animals met a criterion of eight avoidance responses during any ten consecutive trials. The same rats then received a 50 trials test session. A light, which was irrelevant because it had never been paired with shock, was randomly presented during the test period. The administration of L-dopa produced marked impairment in tuning out the irrelevant stimulus, but LC lesion group did not show any attentional deficits. When L-dopa injection was superimposed to LC lesions, the deficit was increased. It may be interpreted that the result is due to an interaction between the noradrenergic and dopaminergic system. This interaction in ignoring an irrelevant stimulus may provide an animal model of selective attention deficit observed among some schizophrenic patients.
Abstract
The repetition effect has been studied widely in the studies on concept formation and lexical formation for uncovering the nature of lexical structure and process, as well as semantic priming effect. This study suggested some constraints of two existing theories, episodic theory and lexical access theory, through examining their assumptions and proposed the dual theory as alternative and testified its assumptions. Experiment 1-a and 1-b was conducted to see how the facilitatory effect of repetition was dampening out as the lags of item repetition was increased. Results showed statistically significant repetition effects of even nonwords at lag 10 conditions opposed to assumptions of lexical access theory, but episodic theory also couldn't explain no decrement in the repetition effects of words and nonwords even though their episodic context is largely changed as the lags is increased. Based on these results. Experiment 2 was planned to test assumptions of the dual approach proposed were and two existing theories by manipulating the number of repetition and semantic relations of stimulus pair as SOA conditions were changed. Experiment 2 accepted the dual approach as the best model of explaining it's results. In conclusion. the repetition effect is not depended on episodic context involved in repeated stimulus or on its lexical structure itself, but the product of interactional facilitation of episodic codes and semantic codes.
Abstract
Effects of hippocampal lesions on the acquisition and extinction of classical trace conditioned responses were examined using the rabbit nictitating membrane preparation. After the lesion, rabbits received trace conditioning for 7 days and then were given extinction sessions for 3 days. During the trace conditioning, hippocampal lesion had no effect on the acquisition of response and onset latency. During extinction, however, the hippocampal lesioned rabbits showed significantly more responses than those of the sham-operated ones. And the lesioned showed no change in mean response latency, while the sham-operated exhibied progressive increase in the latency. The results suggest that hippocampus is not necessary for trace conditioning but involved in extinction process. Discussion was made within the context of the temporal processing approach which involves the hippocampus in attention process that enables the organism to learn to ignore irrelevant stimuli.
Abstract
Korean-English bilinguals were shown a prime word in one language for 150 msec, followed by a word or nonword in the other language which required a lexical decision. Target words which were translations of the preceding ward showed a substantial (96 msec) priming effect compared to unrelated target words ; targets semantically associated to the translation also showed a significant though smaller priming (56 msec). For both types of targets and for loth target languages, the priming effect was greater for concrete word pairs than for abstract word pairs. In contrast, a second experiment with monolinguals found equivalent priming for concrete and abstract pairs. The results support the hypothesis of Saegert and Young (1975) and Paivio and Desrochers (1980) that the two lexicons of the bilinguals are most closely integrated via a common, nonverbal representation.
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of stress by activity stress ulcer paradigm on the physical and behvioral changes and ulceration, and examined the effects of psychotropic drugs. In experiment I, 36 male albino rats were randomly allocated into two groups: (1) experimental group and (2) food-yoked control gorup. Rats in the experimental group were given continuous access to food, water and the running wheel during a 3-day habituation period, while the control group did not have the running wheel. The experiment was conducted until all experimental rats were dead. The food-yoked control rats were killed 24 hours after their experimental mate had died and their body weight loss and ulcer severity were measured. Results indicated that the ulceration and body weight loss of the control group was less than that of the experimental group. In experiment II, each of the 33 albino rats was randomly assigned to one of the following three groups: saline group, chlordiazepoxide(15mg/kg, i.m.), amitriptyline(10mg/kg, i.p.). Each of the rats was injected with respective drug or saline once a day during habituation and experiment. After 3-day habituation period, the experiment has been conduted for 6 days and the rats were killed on the last day. The CDP group showed a signficant reduction in activity wheel revolution, their body weight loss was less, their food consumption was more, and their ulceration was less than the control gorup. There were no significant differences between the amitriptyline and control group in terms of body weight loss, food consumption and ulceration except a reduction in activity wheel revolution.
Abstract
This study investigated effects of ultrasonic sounds on the behavior of rats. In experiment 1, we observed the avoidance response and habituation process when subjects were exposed to ultrasonic sound in shuttle box. Results did not confirm our expectation that rats are extremely aversive to the ultrasonic sound and showed that subjects were habituated to it. In experiment 2, we simulated natural environment, and observed the activity and habituation of rats. The result also showed that the ultrasonic sound does not prevent the hungry rats from reaching the foods, although the activity level in the environment was reduced conciderably when the sound was presented. These results suggest that the long-term ultrasonic sound does not give aversive effects completely to the rat's goal-directed behavior.
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of cohesiveness of pictorial materials on long-term memory of descriptive information with three pictorial materials : whole picture (whose parts are integrated and make a meaningful whole), nonsense-whole picture (whose parts are integrated but not make a meaningful whole), and part picture (whose parts are not integrated nor make a meaningful whole). As retention interval was prolonged from 1 week to 4 months the positive effects of cohesiveness of pictorial materials on memory of descriptive information became conspicuous. With the results some tentative interpretations of the effects of cohesiveness of pictorial materials were discussed.
Abstract
The present research conducted two experiments to investigate the activation of referent included on reference disambiguation. In experiment 1 and 2, it was found that potential referents were activated shortly after their anaphora But in experiment 1 which it was not possible to select an appropriate one among the two referents, the activation faded away before long. In experiment 2 which the context of an anaphora made it possible to choose an appropriate referent, the activation of a selected referent lasted until the last of a sentence containing the anaphora but that of an unselected referent faded shortly after its activation.
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of levels of representational hierarchy, presence of unexpected information and its resolution on encoding and retrieving script texts. It was found that unexpected information was processed longer but primed-reconized faster and recalled in greater amount than expected information. Unexpected information at higher levels of scripts were processed longer and retrieved fatter and in greater amount. It was also found that resolution sentences following the unexpected sentences were retrieved faster and better than resoution sentences.
Abstract
This paper demonstrates that some behaviors that look like learned behavior may actually be a result of organism's hypothesis testing or curiosity rather than being reinforced by external rewards. Previously, alternation of behavior after receiving reward, as opposed to repetition of the rewarded behavior, has been often explained by curiosity or exploration. It was suggested in this paper that some behavior repeated after receiving reward too can be explained by the same mechanism. The implication of the finding for the well-known strong effect of partial reinforcement was discussed.