집중명상과 마음챙김명상이 뇌의 주의체계에 미치는 영향
Effect of Concentration and Mindfulness Meditation on Attention Systems of Brain
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
초록
본 연구는 집중명상과 마음챙김명상이 뇌의 주의체계(배측체계와 복측체계)에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 명상 수련경험이 평균 4.0년인 9명의 실험참가자들을 대상으로 했다. 뇌의 주의체계의 활성화를 측정하기 위해 EEG를 기록하고 이것을 sLORETA 분석을 하였다. 먼저, 기저선 2분을 측정하고 각각 5분간 집중명상과 마음챙김명상을 수행하는 동안 EEG를 기록하였다. 명상의 순서는 균형을 맞추었다. 연구의 결과에서 집중명상과 마음챙김명상 모두 대뇌의 활성화를 감소시켰다. 집중명상과 마음챙김명상과 각 기저선과의 차이에서 확인된 것은 마음챙김명상은 상대적으로 전측 대상회와 하전두회 그리고 안와전두회가 활성화되는 것을 확인하였고 집중명상의 경우는 안와전두회만 상대적으로 활성화되는 것을 확인하였다. 이 결과가 갖는 의미는 논의에서 논했다.
- keywords
- 집중명상, 마음챙김명상, 주의, sLORETA, Concentration, Mindfulness, Attention System, sLORETA, Concentration, Mindfulness, Attention System, sLORETA
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of concentration meditation and mindfulness meditation on attention systems of the brain. Subjects were 9 male and female experts of meditation, who trained for the mean of 4.0 years. EEG was recorded during a 5min concentration meditation and mindfulness meditation, with a 2min baseline, individually. In sLORETA analysis, both meditations suppressed the brain activity. Mindfulness meditation was relatively activated in the anterior cingulate, inferior frontal gyrus, and orbitofrontal cortex, when compared to that of the other areas of the brain. However, concentration meditation was relatively activated only in the orbitofrontal cortex compared to the of the areas of the brain. Implication for this result was discussed in the final section.
- keywords
- 집중명상, 마음챙김명상, 주의, sLORETA, Concentration, Mindfulness, Attention System, sLORETA, Concentration, Mindfulness, Attention System, sLORETA
참고문헌
Andreassi, J. L. (2000). Psychophysiology: Human behavior and physiological response. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Aftanas, L. I., & Golosheikine, S. A. (2001). Human anterior and frontal midline theta and lower alpha reflect emotionally positive state and internalized attention: high-resolution EEG investigation of meditation. Neuroscience Letters, 310, 57-60.
Aftanas, L. I., & Golosheikine, S. A. (2002). Non-linear dynamic complexity of the human EEG during meditation. Neuroscience Letters, 330, 143-146.
Asada, H., Fukuda, Y., Tsunoda, S., Yamaguchi, M.,& Tonoike, M. (1999). Frontal midline thetarhythms reflect alternative activation ofprefrontal cortex and anterior cingulatecortex in human. Neuroscience Letters, 274,29-32.
Basar, E., Basar-Eroglu, C., Karakas, S., & Schurmann, M. (2001). Gamma, alpha, delta, and theta oscillations govern cognitive process. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 39, 241-248.
Brefczynski-Lewis, J. A., Lutz, A., Schaefer, H. S., Levinson, D. B., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Neural correlates of attentional expertise in long-term meditation practitioners. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A, 104(27), 11483-11488.
Brown, D. P. (1977). A model for the levels of concentrative meditation. International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis, 25, 236-273.
Cahn, B. R., & Polich, J. (2006). Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132(2), 180-211.
Delmonte, M. M. (1987). Meditation: Contemporary theoretical approaches. In M. A. West (Ed.), The psychology of meditation (pp. 39-58). Oxford: Oxford University Press, Clarendon Press.
Dietl, T., Dirlich, G., Vogl, L., Lechner, C., & Strian, F. (1999). Orienting response and frontal midline theta activity: a somatosensory spectral perturbation study, Clinical and Neurophysiology, 110, 1204-1209.
Dunn, B. R., Hartigan, J. A., & Mikulas, W. L.(1999). Concentration and mindfulnessmeditation: Unique forms of consciousness?.Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback,24, 147-165.
Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Fossella, J., Flombaum, J. I., & Posner, M. I. (2005). The activation of attentional networks. NeuroImage, 26, 471-479.
Henriques, J. B. & Davidson, R. J. (1991). Left frontal hypoactivation in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 535-545.
Ivanovski, B. & Malhi, G. S. (2007). The psychological and neurophysiological concomitants of mindfulness forms of meditation. Acta Neuropsychiatarica, 19, 76-91.
Jacobs, G. D., & Friedman, R. (2004). EEG spectral analysis of relaxation techniques. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 29, 245– 254.
Jacobs, G. D., & Lubar, J. F. (1989). Spectral analysis of the central nervous system effects of the relaxation response elicited by autogenic training. Behavioral Medicine, 15, 125-132.
Jensen, O., & Tesche, C. D. (2002). Frontal theta activity in humans increase with memory load in a working memory task. European Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 1395-1399.
Kapleau, P. (1965). The three pillars of Zen: Teaching, practice, and enlightenment. Boston: Beacon Press.
Klimesh, W. (1999). EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: A review and analysis. Brain Research Review, 29, 169-195.
Kristeller, J. L., & Hallett, C. B. (1999). An exploratory study of a meditation-based intervention for binge eating disorder. Journal of Health Psychology, 4, 357-363.
Lazar, S. W., Bush, G., Gollub, R. L., Fricchione, G. L., Khalsa, G., & Benson, H. (2000). Functional brain mapping of the relaxation response and meditation. NeuroReport, 11(7), 1581-1585.
Lou, H. C., Kjaer, T. W., Friberg, L., Wildschildtz, G., Holm, S., & Nowak, M. (1999). A 15O-H2-O PET study of meditation and the resting state of normal consciousness. Human Brain Mapping, 7, 98-105.
Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2008). Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 163-169.
Mikulas, W. L. (1990). Mindfulness, self-control, and personal growth. In M. G. T. Kwee(Ed.) Psychotherapy, meditation, and health(pp. 151-164). London: East-West Publications.
Marlatt, G. A., & Kristeller, J. L. (1999). Mindfulness and meditation. In W. R. Miller (Ed.), Integrating spirituality into treatment: Resources for practitioners (pp. 67-84). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Newberg, A., Alavi, A., Baime, M., Pourdehnad, M., Santanna, J., & a'Aquili, E. (2001). The measurement of regional cerebral lood flow during the complex cognitive task of meditation: A preliminary SPECT study. Psychiatry Research, 106, 113-322.
Pascual-Marqui, R. D., Esslen, M, Kochi, K., & Lehmann, D. (2002). Functional imaging with low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA): a review. Methods & Findings in Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, 24(suppl C), 91-95.
Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25-42.
Raffone, A., Manna, A., Perrucci, G. M., Ferretti, A., Gratta, C. D., Belardinelli, M., O., & Romani, G. L. (2007). Neural Correlates of Mindfulness and Concentration in Buddhist Monks: A fMRI study. Proceedings of NFSI & ICFBI 2007, 1-3.
Schacter, D. L. (1977). EEG theta waves and psychological phenomena: a review and analysis. Biological Psychology, 5, 47-82.
Semple, R. J. (1999). Enhancing the quality of attention: A comparative assessment of concentrative meditation and progressive relaxation. Unpublished Master’'s thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
Slagter, H. A., Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Francis, A. D., Nieuwenhuis, S., Davis, J. M., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Mental training affects distribution of limited brain resources. PLoS Biology, 5(6), e138.
Srinivasan, N. & Baijal, S. (2006). Meditation: Brain activity and cognitive changes. In: S. Menon (ed). Consciousness, Experience and Ways of Knowing: Perspectives from Science, Philosophy and the Arts(pp. 155-183). Bangalore: NIAS, 155-183.
Tang, Y. Y., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Y., Feng, S., Lu, Q., Yu, Q., Sui, D., Rothbart, M. K., Fan, M., & Posner, M. I. (2007). Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A, 104(43), 17152-17156.
Talairach, J. & Toumoux, P. (1988). Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain: Three - dimensional proportional system. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme.
Tomarken, A., Davidson, R. J., & Henriques, J. B.(1990). Resting frontal brain asymmetrypredicts affective responses to films. Journalof Personality and Social Psychology, 59,791-801.
Trungpa, C. (1975). The myth of freedom and the way of meditation. Boston: Shambhala.
Valentine, E. R. & Sweet, P. L. G. (1999). Meditation and attention: a comparison of the effects of concentrative and mindfulness meditation on sustained attention. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 2, 59-70
Zylowska, L., Ackerman, D. L., Yang, M. H., Futrell, J. L., & Horton, N. L. (2008). Mindfulness meditation training in adult and adolescent with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorder, 11, 737-746.
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
- 0KCI 피인용수
- 0WOS 피인용수