The Korean Journal of Health Psychology
- Log In/Sign Up
- KOREAN
- P-ISSN1229-070X
- E-ISSN2713-9581
- KCI
Cognitive Biases and Decreased Attention and Memory in Somatizing Patients Group
Abstract
Previous cognitive studies regarding the attentional biases and memory biases for somatic-symptom words in somatizing patient groups have not demonstrated consistent findings. The aim of this study, which was administered to complement these findings was to investigate that the somatizing patients group would have both attentional biases and memory biases for somatic-symptom words because of having both anxiety and depressive states in the clinical setting. Also, the aim of this study was to investigate that the somatizing patients group would have decreased attention and memory such as anxiety and depressive patients. For these purposes, a modified Stroop task, a delayed free recall task, and a recognition task using computer-presented word lists were performed to a clinical sample of 21 patients suffering from multiple somatoform symptoms, as well as 21 healthy controls. The major results and the implication of this study are as follows. First, the somatizing patients group presented significant Stroop interference effects for somatic-symptoms words. Second, the somatizing patients group better remembered and more accurately recognized the somatic-symptom words, and more sensitively responded to the somatic-symptom words than the neutral words. Third, the free-recall ratio of somatic-symptoms words was higher than that of neutral words in the somatization group. These results suggested that the somatizing patients group have both attentional biases and memory biases for somatic-symptom words. Fourth, the somatizing patients group demonstrated decreased attention and memory. However, the hypothesis that the somatizing patients group would show greater Stroop interference effects with somatic-symptom words than the control group was not supported. Also, the hypotheses that the somatizing patients group would better remember and more accurately recognize the somatic-symptom words and be more sensitive to the somatic-symptoms words than the positive words were not supported. Therefore, the hypothesis in which the somatizing patients group would have both attentional biases and memory biases for somatic-symptom words was partly supported, and the hypothesis that the somatizing patients group would have the decreased attention and memory was supported in this study. Finally, the significance and limitations of this study as well as directions for future study were also discussed.
- keywords
- 신체화, 수정된 Stroop 과제, 인지 편향, 주의력과 기억력 저하, somatization, modified Stroop task, cognitive biases, decreased attention and memory
Reference
강계남 (2007). 중다비교검정. 이종성, 강계남, 김양분,강성진 (저), 사회과학연구를 위한 통계방법,제4판(pp. 455-496). 서울:박영사.
권석만 (1996). 임상심리학에서의 비교문화적 연구: 정신병리에 나타난 한국문화와 한국인의 특성.1996 동계연구 세미나, 105-133.
김광일, 김재환, 원호택 (1984). 간이 정신 진단 검사.서울: 중앙적성출판부.
김정범 (2006). Beck 우울증 질문지 2판. 보건복지부 지정 우울증 임상 연구 2세부 연차 보고서.
김청송 (2003). 이상심리학. 서울: 영진출판사.
김한샘 (2003). 한국현대소설의 어휘조사 연구. 국립국어연구원. 서울: 성진문화사.
박문규, 손정락 (2010). 신체화 집단의 주의 편향, 기억편향 및 인지특성. 스트레스 연구, 18(2),69-79.
박문규, 손정락 (2011). 신체화 집단의 인지 편향 및 주의력과 기억력 저하. 한국심리학회지: 건강,16(3), 623-642.
성형모, 김정범, 박영남, 배대석, 이선희, 안현의 (2008).한국어판 백 우울 설문지 2판의 신뢰도 및 타당도 연구. 생물치료정신의학, 14(2), 201-210.
신현균 (1998). 신체화 집단의 신체감각에 대한 해석,추론 및 기억 편향. 서울대학교 대학원 박사학위 청구논문.
신현균 (2000). 신체형장애: 아무 이유도 없이 몸이 아프다면. 서울: 학지사.
신현균, 원호택 (1998). 신체화 집단의 신체감각에 대한해석 편향. 한국심리학회 연차학술발표논문집,93-108.
한덕웅, 이장호, 전겸구 (1996). Spielberger의 상태-특성 불안검사 Y형의 개발. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 1(1), 1-14.
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(4th ed.). Washington, DC: Auther.
Angel, R., & Thoits, P. (1987), The impact of culture on the cognitive structure of illness. Cultural Medicine of Psychiatry, 11, 465-494.
Arnold, I. A., de Waal, M. W. M., Eekhof, J. A. H, Van Hemert, A. M. (2006). Somatoform disorder in priamary care: Course and the need for cognitive-behavioral treatment. Psychosomatics, 47, 498-503.
Barsky, A. J., Wyshak, G., & Klerman, G. L. (1990). The somatosensory amplication scale and its relationship to hypochondriasis. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 24, 323-334.
Beck, A. T., Brown, G. K., & Ranieri, W. F. (1996). Comparison of the Beck Depression Inventories-IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67, 588-597.
Blaney, P. H. (1986). Affect and mood: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 229-246.
Brosschot, J. F. (2002). Cognitive-emotional sensitization and somatic health complaints. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43, 113-121.
Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. Heimberg, M. Leibowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Schneier (Ed.), Social phobia: diagnosis, assessment and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.
Danion, J. M., Kauffmann-Muller, F., Grange, D., & Zimmermann, M. A., & Greth, P. (1995). Affective valence of words, explicit and implicit memory in clinical depression. Journal of affective disorders, 34(3), 227-234.
Edward, L. C., Pearce, S. A., & Beard, R. W. (1995). Remedication of pain-related memory bias as a result of recovery from chronic pain. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 39, 175-181.
Escobar, J. I., Burnam, M. A., Karno, M., Forsythe, A., & Golding, J. M. (1987). Somatization in the community. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 713-718.
Escobar, J. I., Rubio-Stipec, M., Canino, G., & Karno, M. (1989). Somatic symptoms index(SSI): A new and abridged somatization construct-Prevalence and epidemiological correlates in two large community samples. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177, 140-146.
Hochhaus, L. (1972). A table for the calculation of d' and β. Psychological Bulletin, 77, 375-376.
Jonsen, B., Laberg, J. C., Cox, W. M., Vaksdahl, A.,& Hugdahl, K. (1994). Alcoholic subjects'attentional bias in the processing ofalcohol-related words. Psychology ofAddictive Behaviors, 8, 111-115.
Jonsen, B. H., Thayer, J. F., Laberg, J. C., & Asbjornsen, A. E. (1997). Attentional bias in active smokers, abstinent smokers, and nonsmokers. Addictive Behavior, 22, 813-817.
Kawanishi, Y. (1992). Somatization of asians: an artifact of western medicalization? Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 29, 5-36.
Kellner, R. (1991). Psychosomatic syndromes and somatic symptoms. American Psychiatric Press, Inc.
Kindt, M., & Brosschot, J. F. (1997). Phobia-related cognitive bias for pictorial and linguistic stimuli. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 644-648.
Kirmayer, L. J. (1984). Culture, affect and somatization-part 1. Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, 21, 237-262.
Kirmayer, L. J., Young, A., & Robbins, J. M. (1994). Symptom attribution in cultural perspective. Psychosomatic Medicine, 39, 584-595.
Leiknes, K. A., Finset, A., Moum, T., & Sandanger, I.(2007). Current somatoform disorders inNorway: Prevalence, risk factors andcomorbidity with anxiety, depression andmusculoskeletal disorders. Social Psychiatryand Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42, 698-710.
Lupke, U. & Ehlert, U. (1998). Attentional bias towards cues prejudical to health in patients with somatoform disorder. Zeitschriff für Klinische Psychologie Forschung und Praxis, 27, 163-171.
MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1991). Biased cognitive operations in anxiety: Accessibility of information or assignment of processing priorities? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29, 599-610.
Mahamedi, F., & Heatherton, T. F. (1993). Effects of high calorie reloads on selective processing of food and body shape stimuli among dieters and nondieters. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 13, 305-314.
Mathews, A., & Klug, F. (1993). Emotionality and interference with color-naming in anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 57-62.
Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1986). Discrimination of threat cues without awareness in anxiety states. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 131-138.
McNally, R. J., Riemann, B. C., & Kim, E. (1990). Selective processing of threat cues in panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 407-412.
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., & de Jongh, A. (1995). Colour-naming of dentist-related words: Role of coping style, dental anxiety, and trait anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 685-688.
Pauli, P., & Alpers, G. W. (2002). Memory bias in patients with hypochondriacal and somatoform pain disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 52, 45-53.
Pauil, P., Schwenzer, M., Brody, S., Rau, H., & Birbaumer, N. (1993). Hypochondriacal attitudes, pain sensitivity and attentional bias. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 37, 745-752.
Pincus, T., Fraser, L., & Pearce, S. (1998). Do chronic pain patients "Stroop" on pain stimuli? British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, 49-587.
Rief, W., Heuser, J., Mayrhuber, E., Stelzer, I., Hiller, W., & Fichter, M. M. (1996). The classification of multiple somatoform symptoms. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184, 680-687.
Sapolsky, R. M. (1996). Why stress is bad for your brain. Science, 273, 749-750.
Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: STAI(Form Y). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Steinbrecher, N., Koerber, S., Frieser, D., & Hiller, W.(2011). The prevalence of medicallyunexplained symptoms in primary care.Psychosomatics, 52, 263-271.
Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in verbal reaction. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662.
Strub, L. R., & Wise, M. G. (1992). Differential diagnosis in neuropsychiatry. In S. C. Yudofsky & R. E. Hales(2nd Ed.), American Psychiatric Association textbook of neuropsychiatry. Washington, D. C: American Psychiatric Press.
Ursin, H. (1997). Sensitization, somatization, and subjective health complaints: A review. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 105-116.
Wiksstrӧm, J., Lundhm, L. G., Westerlund, J., & Hӧ gman, L. (2004). Preattentive bias for snake words in snake phobia? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 949-970.
Williams, J. M. G. (1996). The specificity of autobiographical memory in depression. In D. C. Rubin (Ed), Remembering our past: Studies in autobiographical memory (pp. 271-296). Cambridge University Press.
Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1988). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders. Chichester, England: Wiley.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations