The Korean Journal of Health Psychology
- KOREAN
- P-ISSN1229-070X
- E-ISSN2713-9581
- KCI
The Roles of Self-disclosure and Downward Social Comparison in Stresses and Mental Health/Suicidal Ideation in the Elderly
Abstract
This study aims to examine the roles of self-disclosure and downward social comparison in stresses and mental health factors or suicidal ideation of the elderly. Participants were 399 elderly men and women who were at least 65 years of age whose average age was 73.37 (SD=5.78). For this study, stresses in senescence, self-disclosure, downward social comparison, hopelessness, depression, and suicidal ideation were measured. Results indicated that the stress in senescence was positively related to self-disclosure and downward social comparison as well as hopelessness, depression, and suicidal ideation. However, self-disclosure and downward social comparison was also positively related to hopelessness, depression, and suicidal ideation. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that self-disclosure and downward social comparison were not mediating between the stress in senescence and mental health factors, such as hopelessness and depression. However, they were mediating between the stress in senescence and suicidal ideation. In the structural equation model, downward social comparison was mediating not only the stress in senescence but also self-disclosure to suicidal ideation of the elderly. Meanwhile, direct effect of the stress in senescence on suicidal ideation was stronger than the direct effect of mental health factors, such as hopelessness and depression. Results of this study suggested downward social comparison is a determinant variable which has negative roles in suicidal ideation of the elderly. Finally, the roles of downward social comparison was discussed with previous studies and Korean collectivism.
- keywords
- senescence, stress, mental health, self-disclosure, social comparison, suicidal ideation, 노년기, 스트레스, 정신건강, 자기노출, 사회비교, 자살생각
Reference
김교헌 (1992). 자기노출의 기능. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 11, 81-107.
김교헌 (2002). 속마음 털어놓기와 노년기 건강. 충남대학교 사회과학연구, 13, 23-40.
김정호 (2006). 동기상태이론: 스트레스와 웰빙의 통합적 이해. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 11, 453-484.
김형수 (2000). 노인과 자살. 노인복지연구, 10, 24-44.
김형수 (2002). 한국노인의 자살생각과 관련요인 연구.한국노년학, 22, 152-172.
박미석, 이유리 (2003). 한국노인의 여가활동시간에 관한 연구. 한국가정관리학, 21, 37-48.
박준호 (2000). 자기초점, 반복 생각하기 및 자기노출이우울에 미치는 영향. 성균관대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
박준호 (2009). 스트레스 사건에 관한 반복생각과 자기노출이 정서에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지:건강, 14, 125-145.
배지연 (2005). 노인의 자살생각에 관한 인과모형. 대전대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
서경현 (2007). 노년기 한국인의 스트레스. 스트레스 연구, 15, 271-278.
서경현 (2006). 고령화 사회에서 한국인의 건강과 삶의질. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 12, 133-147.
서경현, 이경순 (2010). 대학생의 생활 스트레스와 사회비교 및 주관적 웰빙 간의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 15, 327-343.
서경현, 이상숙, 정구철, 김신섭 (2011). 노년기 스트레스와 웰빙에 대한 사회비교 및 사회비교 대처의 매개효과 탐색. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 16,117-134.
신민섭 (1993). 자살 기제에 대한 실증적 연구: 자기도피척도의 타당화. 연세대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
유수현 (2003). 자살에 대한 가정적 대책. 숭실대학교사회과학연구원 사회과학논총, 6, 69-87.
윤병수, 정봉교 (1999). 영대생의 스트레스 요인, 수준,및 증상에 대한 조사연구. 영남대학교 학생연구, 30, 27-57.
이영자, 김태현 (1999). 단독가구 노인의 스트레스와 우울감-사회적 지지의 완충효과를 중심으로. 한국노년학회, 19, 79-94.
전겸구, 김교헌, 조신웅, 노명래 손정락 (1994). 다차원적 대처 척도의 개발. 한국심리학회지: 임상,13, 114-135.
전해숙 (2010). 초고령 노인의 스트레스와 대처방안이심리적 안녕감에 미치는 영향: 미국 중서부 지역의 초고령 노인을 중심으로. 노인복지연구,47, 51-70.
정미경, 이규미 (2010). 노인의 스트레스, 우울, 낙관주의 및 적응유연성의 경로분석. 한국노년학, 30,629-642.
최연희, 김순희 (2008). 재가 노인의 우울에 따른 자살생각과 관련요인. 한국노년학, 28, 345-355.
최인, 김영숙, 서경현 (2009). 노인의 자살충동에 영향을미치는 심리사회적 요인. 보건과 사회과학, 25,33-56.
통계청 (2010). 2010 인구주택총조사. 통계청.
한덕웅 (1980). 자기노출이 대인매력에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회 연차대회 발표논문집, 5-10.
한덕웅, 박준호, 김교헌 (2004). 스트레스 사건에 관한자기노출, 반복생각 및 정서경험이 신체건강에미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 9, 99-130.
한덕웅, 장은영 (2003). 사회비교 동기와 강요된 사회비교가 주관안녕과 건강지각에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 8, 619-644.
홍세희 (2000). 구조방정식 모형의 적합도 지수 선정기준의 그 근거. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 19,161-177.
Ahrens, A. H., & Alloy, L. B. (1997). Social comparison processes in depression. In B. Buunk & F. X. Gibbons (Eds.), Health, coping and well-being: Perspectives from social comparison theory (pp. 389-410). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Aspinwall, L. G., & Taylor, S. E. (1993). Effects of social comparison direction, threat, and self-esteem on affect, self-evaluation, and expected success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 708-722.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Beck A. T., Weissman A., Lester D., & Trexler L. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: The Hopelessness Scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 861-865.
Benisheck, L. A., & Lopez, F. G. (1997). Critical evaluation of hardiness theory: Gender differences, perception of life events, and neuroticism. Work and Stress, 11, 33-45.
Brink T. L., Yesavage J. A., Lum O., Heersema, P., Adey M. B., & Rose T. L. (1982). Screening tests for geriatric depression. Clinical Gerontologist, 1, 37-44.
Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (1989). Life events and illness. London: Guilford.
Buunk, B., & Gibbons, F. X. (1997). Health, coping, and well-being: Perspectives from social comparison theory. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Dohrenwend, B. S., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (1974). Stressful life events: Their nature and effects. New York: Wiley.
Durkheim E. (1987). Suicide. NY: The Free Press.
Festinger, L. A. (1954). A theory of social comparison process. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.
Gibbons, F. X., & Buunk, B. P. (1999). Individual differences in social comparison: Development of a scale of social comparison orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 129-142.
Harlow L. L., Newcomb M. D., & Bentler P. M. (1986). Depression, self-derogation, substance use, and suicide ideation: lack of purpose in life as a mediational factor. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 5-21.
Harwood D., & Jacoby R. (2002). The International Handbook of suicide and Attempted Suicide. NY: John Wiley & Sons. Ltd.
Holmes, T. H. (1979). Development and application of a quantitative measure of life change magnitude. In J. E. Barrett (Ed.), Stress and mental disorder. New York: Raven.
Keinan, G., Ben-Zur, H. Zilka, M., & Carel .R. S. (1992). Anger in or out, which is healthier?: An attempt to reconcile inconsistent findings. Psychology and Health, 7, 83-98.
Klag, S., & Bradley, G. L. (2004). The role of hardiness in stress and illness: An exploration of the effects of negative affectivity and gender. British Journal of Health Psychology, 9, 137-161.
McCubbin, H. I., Patterson, J. M., & Wilson, L. R. (1995). Family Inventory of Life Events and Changes, Form C. In H.I. McCubbin, A.I. Thompson, & M.A. McCubbin (Eds), Family asessment: Resiliency, coping and adaptation inventories for research and practice.. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Michinov, N. (2007). Social comparison and affect: a study among elderly women. The Journal of Social Psychology, 147, 175-189.
Miller J. S., Segal D. L., & Coolidge F. L. (2000). A comparison of suicidal thinking and reasons for living among younger and older adults. Death Studies, 25, 357-365.
Patricia A. H. (2003). Evidence-based protocol: Elderly suicide-secondary prevention", Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 29, 49-56.
Pennebaker, J. W. (1987). Talking about traumas. Mustang Magazine, Spring issue, 12-15 (alumni magazine for SMU).
Pennebaker, J. W. (2004) Theories, therapies, and taxpayers. On the complexities of the expressive writing paradigm. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 138– 142.
Pennebaker, J. W., & Susman, J. R. (1988). Disclosure of traumas and psychosomatic processes. Social Science & Medicine, 26, 327‐.332.
Pennebaker, J. W., Kiecolt-Glasser, J. K., & Glasser, R. (1988). Disclosure of traumas and immune function: Health implication for psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 239-245.
Pennebaker, J. W., O'Heeron, R. C. (1984). Confiding in others and illness rate among spouses of suicide and accidental death victims. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 473-476.
Rabkin, J. G., & Struening, E. L. (1976). Life events, stress and illness. Science, 194, 1013-1020.
Reis, T. J., Gerard, M., & Gibbons, F. X. (1993). Social comparison and the pill: Reactions to upward and downward comparison of contraceptive behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 13-20.
Tesser, A., Millar, M., & Moore, J. (1988). Some affective consequences of social comparison and reflection processes: The pain and pleasure of being close. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 49-61.
Testa, M., & Major, B. (1990). The impact of social comparisons after failure: The moderating effects of perceived control. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 11, 205-218.
Wheeler, L., & Miyake, K. (1992). Social comparison in everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 760-773.
White, J. B., Langer, E. J., Yariv, L., & Welch J. C., (2006). Frequent social comparisons and destructive emotions and behaviors: The dark side of social comparisons. Journal of Adult Development, 13, 36-44.
White, K., & Lehman, D. R. (2005). Culture and social comparison seeking: The role of self-motives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 232-242.
Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 245-271.
Wood, J. V., Giordano-Beech, M., Taylor, K. L., Michela, J. L., & Gaus, V. (1994). Strategies of social comparison among people with low self-esteem: Self-protection and selfenhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 713-731.
Woolston, C. (2007). Stress and aging. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Massachusetts, Inc.
Zubin J., & Spring B. (1977) Vulnerability: A new view of schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86, 103-124.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations