바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

The Korean Journal of Health Psychology

  • KOREAN
  • P-ISSN1229-070X
  • E-ISSN2713-9581
  • KCI

Intellectual Functioning and its Relation to Schizotypal Symptoms in Female College Students with Schizotypal Traits

The Korean Journal of Health Psychology / The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, (P)1229-070X; (E)2713-9581
2013, v.18 no.2, pp.401-420
https://doi.org/10.17315/kjhp.2013.18.2.009


Abstract

This study investigated the intellectual functioning and its relationship to schizotypal symptoms in nonclinical female college students with schizotypal personality traits. Based on the scores of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire, the schizotypal trait (n=20) and normal control (n=20) groups were being selected. The Korean-Wechsler Adults Intelligence Scale(K-WAIS) was administered for the measurement of intelligence functioning. Compared to the normal control group, the schizotypal trait group exhibited significantly lower Total IQ and Performance IQ. In addition, schizotypal trait group showed lower scores on the Arithmetic, Comprehension, Picture Completion and Picture Arrangement than normal controls. In terms of relationships between intellectual functioning and schizotypic symptoms in schizotypal trait group, negative correlations were observed between Arithmetic and Cognitive-Perceptual factor, between Picture Arrangement and Interpersonal factor, and between Object Assembly and Interpersonal factor. Scores on the Arithmetic were negatively correlated with the SPQ total scores. In addition, the scores of Arithmetic and Picture arrangement significantly predict the total score of SPQ. These results indicate that the intellectual functioning is impaired for nonclinical individuals with schizotypal trait, and, particularly, these individuals seem to have difficulties in attention/concentration, social sensitivity, interpersonal relationships or ability to cope with problems in social situations. In addition, the performances on Arithmetic and Picture arrangement could serve as predictors for high-risks of schizospectrum disorders.

keywords
분열형 인격성향군, 지적 기능, 동작성 IQ, 전체 IQ, 차례맞추기, 모양맞추기, intellectual functioning, object assembly, performance IQ, picture arrangement, schizotypal traits, total IQ

Reference

1.

강연욱 (1994). 누가 왼손잡이인가?: 한국인들의 손잡이평가. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 13(1), 97-113.

2.

강희양, 오상우 (1999). 정신분열병 환자의 지능 장애와실행 기능 장애. 하계학술대회, 한국임상심리학회, 99-103.

3.

김한주, 이귀행, 곽승현 (2003). 정신분열병이 지능에 미치는 영향. 생물치료정신의학, 9(1), 49-55.

4.

문희옥, 양익홍, 이흥표, 김묘은, 함웅 (1997). 한국판 분열형 성격척도의 타당화 예비연구. 신경정신의학, 36(2), 329-343.

5.

서석교, 김홍근 (2004). 정신분열병 환자의 지능. 특수교육저널: 이론과 실천, 5(2), 341-356.

6.

염태호, 박영숙, 오경자, 김정규, 이영호 (1992). K-WAIS실시요강. 서울: 한국 가이던스.

7.

염태호 (1998). K-WAIS의 구조에 대한 이론과 소검사해석. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 17(1), 293-310.

8.

오상우 (1995). 한국판 웩슬러 성인용 지능검사의 개관.원광정신의학, 11(1), 27-47.

9.

한오수, 안준호, 송선희, 조맹제, 김장규, 배재남, 조성진,정범수, 서동우, 함봉진, 이동우, 박종익, 홍진표 (2000). 한국어판 구조화 임상면담도구개발:신뢰도 연구. 한국신경정신의학회, 39(2),362-372.

10.

Addington, J., Addington, D., & Maticka-Tyndale, E. (1991). Cognitive functioning and positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 5, 123-134.

11.

Amminger, G. P., Schlogelhofer, M., Lehner, T., Looser, O. S., Friedrich, M. H., & Aschauer, H. N. (2000). Premorbid performance IQ deficit in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102, 414-422.

12.

Arndt, S., Alligerm, R. J., & Andreason, N. C. (1991). The distinction of positive and negative symptoms: the failure of a two-dimensional model. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 317-322.

13.

Badcock, J. C., Dragovic, M., Waters, F. A. V., & Jablensky, A. (2005). Dimensions of intelligence in schizophrenia: evidence from patients with preserved, deteriorated and compromised intellect. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 39, 11-19.

14.

Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). Factors influencing Stroop performance in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology, 18, 477-484.

15.

Basso, M. R., Nasrallah, H. A., Olson, S. C., & Bornstein, R. A. (1998). Neuropsychological correlates of negative, disorganized and psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia, Schizophrenia Research, 31, 99-111.

16.

Braff, D. L., Heaton, R., Kuck, J., Cullum, M., Moranville, J., Grant, I., & Zisook, S. (1991). The generalized pattern of neuropsychological deficits in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia with heterogeneous Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Results, Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 891-898.

17.

Brill, N., Levine, S. Z., Reichenberg, A., Lubin, G., Weiser, M., & Rabinowiz, J. (2009). Pathways to functional outcomes in schizophrenia: The role of premorbid functioning, negative symptoms and intelligence, Schizophrenia Research, 110, 40-46.

18.

Burdick, K. E., Goldberg, T. E., Funke, B., Bates, J. A., Lencz, T., Kucherlapati, R., & Malhotra, A. K. (2007). DTNBP1 Genotype Influences Cognitive Decline in Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 89, 169-172.

19.

Carrion, R.E., Goldberg, T.E., McLaughlin, D., Auther, A.M., Correll, C.U., & Cornblatt, B.A. (2011). Impact of neurocognition on social and role functioning in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 806-813.

20.

Caspi, A., Reichenbert, A., Weise, M., Rabinowitz, J., Kapla, Z., Knobler, H., Davidson-Sagi, N., & Davidson, M. (2003). Cognitive performance in schizophrenia patients assessed before and following the first psychotic episode. Schizophrenia Research, 65, 87-94.

21.

Carlsson, R., Nyman, H., Ganse, G., & Cullberg, J. (2006). Neuropsychological functions predict 1-and 3-year outcome in first-episode psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 113, 102-111.

22.

Cohen, A. S., & Najolia, G. M. (2011). Birth characteristics and schizotypy: evidence of potential "second hit". Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 955-961.

23.

Cosway, R., Byrne, M., Clafferty, R., Hodges, A., Grant, E., Abukmeil, S. S., Lawrie, S. M., Miller, P, & Johnstone E. C. (2000). Neuropsychological change in young people at high risk for schizophrenia: results from the first two neuropsychological assessments of the Edinburgh high risk study. Psychological Medicine, 30, 1111-1121.

24.

Crow, T. J., Done, D. J., & Sacker, A. (1995). Childhood precursors of psychosis as clues to its evolutionary origins. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 245, 61-69.

25.

David, A. (1998). Schizophrenia and intellectual decline. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1634-1635.

26.

Dean, R. S. (1983). Manual: Report of individual evaluation for use with WAIS/WAIS-R. Orlando, Florida: Psychological Assesment Resources.

27.

Dickey, C. C., McCarley, R. W., & Shenton, M. E. (2002). The brain in schizotypal personality disorder; a review of structural MRI and CT findings. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 10, 1-15.

28.

First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbson, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1996). Structured Clinical interview for DSM-Ⅳ Axis Ⅰ disorder. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute.

29.

Gilleen, J., Greenwood, K., & David, A. S. (2011). Domains of awareness in schizophrenia, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 61-72.

30.

Goldberg, T. E., Karson, C. N., Leleszi, J. P., & Weinberger, D. R. (1988). Intellectual impairment in adolescent psychosis: A controlled Psychometric Study. Schizophrenia Research, 1, 261-266.

31.

Goldstein, G., & Shemansky, W. J. (1995). Influences on cognitive heterogeneity in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 18, 59-69.

32.

Gooding, D. C., Matts, C. W., & Rollmann, E. A. (2006). Sustained attention deficits in relation to psychometrically identified schizotypy: evaluating a potential endophenotypic marker. Schizophrenia Research, 82, 27-37.

33.

Greenstein, D., Lerch, J., Shaw, P., Clase, L., Giedd, J., Gochman, P., Rapoport, J., & Gogtay, N. (2006). Childhood onset schizophrenia: cortical brain abnormalities as young adults. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 1003-1012.

34.

Gunnell, D., Harrison, G., Rasmussen, F., Fouskakis, D., & Tynelius, R. (2002). Associations between premorbid intellectual performance, early-life exposures and early-onset schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 298-305.

35.

Heinrichs, R. W., & Zakzanis, K. K. (1998). Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology, 12, 426-445.

36.

Henry, J. D., Green, M. J., Restuccia, C., de Lucia, A., Rendell, P. G., McDonald, S., & Crisham, J. R. (2009). Emotion dysregulation and schizotypy. Psychiatry Research, 166, 116-124.

37.

Hepp, H. H., Maier, S., Hermle, L., & Spitzer, M. (1996). The Stroop effect in schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Research, 22, 187-195.

38.

Hijman. R., Hulshoff. P. H. E., Sitskoorn, M. M., & Kahn, R. S. (2003). Global intellectual impairment does not accelerate with age in patients with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional analysis, Schizophrenia Bulletian, 29, 509-517

39.

Hori, H., Noguchi, H., Hashimoto, R., Okabe, S., Saitoh, O., & Kunugi, H. (2008). IQ decline and memory impairment in Japanese patients with chronic Schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 158, 251-255.

40.

Horn, J. L. (1968). Organization of abilities and the development of intelligence. Psychological Review, 75, 242-259.

41.

Horn, J. L. (1985). Remodeling old models of intelligence. In B. B. Wolman(eds.). Handbook of intelligence. New York: Wiley.

42.

Hughes, C., Kumari, V., Soni, W., Das, M., Binneman, B., Drozd, S., O'Neil, S. M. V., & Sharma, T. (2002). Longitudinal study of symptoms and cognitive function in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 59, 137-146.

43.

Jones, P., Rodgers, B., Murray, R. M., & Marmot, M. (1994). Child developmental risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet, 344, 1398-1402.

44.

Joyce, E. M., Hutton, S. B., Mutsatsa, S. H., & Barnes, T. R. E. (2005).Cognitive heterogeneity in first-episode schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187, 516-522.

45.

Kim, M. S., Oh, S. H., Hong, M. H., & Choi, D. B. (2011). Neuropsychologic profile of college students with schizotypal traits. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 52, 511-516.

46.

Kravariti, E., Toulopoulou, T., Mapua-Filbey, F., Schulze. K., Walshe, M., Sham, P., Murray, R. M., & McDonald, C. (2006). Intellectual asymmetry and genetic liability in first-degree relatives of probands with schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry. 188, 186-7.

47.

Kraepelin, E. (1919). Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. Chicago: Chicago Medical Book Co.

48.

Kremen, W. S., Seidman, L. J., Faraone, S. V., & Tsuang, M. T. (2008). IQ decline in cross-sectional studies of schizophrenia: Methodology and interpretation. Psychiatry Research, 158, 181-194.

49.

Leeson, V. C., Barnes, T. R. E., Hutton, S. B., Ron, M. A., & Joyce, E. M. (2008). IQ as a predictor of functional outcome in schizophrenia: A longitudinal four-year study of first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 107, 55-60.

50.

Liddle, P. (1987). The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: a reexamination of the positive-negative dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 221-234.

51.

Lin, H. F., Liu, Y. L., Liu, C. M., Hung, S. I., Hwu, H. G., & Chen, W. J. (2005). Neuregulin I gene and variations in perceptual aberration of schizotypal personality in adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 35, 1589-1598.

52.

MacCabe, J. H., Lambe, M. P., Cnattingius, S., Torrang, A., Björk, C., Sham, P. C., David, A. S., Murray. R. M., & Hultman, C. M. (2008). Scholastic achievement at age 16 and risk of schizophrenia and other psychoses: a national cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 38, 1133-1140.

53.

Matheson, S., & Langdon, R. (2008). Schizotypal traits impact upon executive working memory and aspects of IQ. Psychiatry Research, 159, 207-214.

54.

McCleery, A., Divibliss, M., St-Hilaire, A., Aakre, J.M., Seghers, J.P., Bell, E.K., & Docherty, N.M. (2012). Predicting social functioning in schizotypy: an investigation of the relative contribution of theory of mind and mood. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorder, 200, 147-152.

55.

McIntosh, A. M., Harrison, L. K., Forrester, K., Lawrie, S. M., & Johnstone, E. C. (2005). Neuropsychological impairment in people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and their unaffected relatives. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 378-385.

56.

Mitropoulou, V., Harvey, P. D., Zegarelli, G., New, A. S., Silverman, J. M., & Siever, L. J. (2005). Neuropsychological performance in schizotypal personality disorder: importance of working memory. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1896-1903.

57.

Mo, S., Su, Y., Chan, R. C. K., & Liu, J. (2008). Comprehension of metaphor and irony in schizophrenia during remission: The role of theory of mind and IQ. Psychiatry Research, 157, 21-29.

58.

Mohamed, S., Paulsen, J. S., O'Leary, D., Arndt, S., & Andreasen, N. (1999). Generalized cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: a study of first-episode patients, Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 749-754.

59.

Moorhead, T. W. J., Stanfield, A., Spencer, M., Hall, J., McIntosh, A., Qwnes, D. C., Lawrie, S., & Johnstone, E. (2009). Progressive temporal lobe gray matter loss in adolescents with schizotypal traits and mild intellectual impairment. Psychiatry Research :Neuroimaging, 174, 105-109.

60.

Nelson, H. E. (1982). The National Adult Reading Test (NART): Test Manual. Windsor: NFER-Nelson.

61.

Niendam, T. A., Bearden, C. E., Rosso, I. M., Sanchez, L. E., Hadley, T., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Cannon, T. D. (2003). A prospective study of childhood neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenic patients and their siblings. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 2060-2062.

62.

Noguchi, H., Hori, H., & Kunugi, H. (2008). Schizotypal traits and cognitive function in healthy adults. Psychiatry Research, 161, 162-169.

63.

Ott, S. L., Spinelli, D., Rock, D., Roberts, S., Amminger, G. P., & Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. (1998). The New York high-risk projects: social and general intelligence in children at risk for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 31, 1-11.

64.

Purcell, D. W., Lewine, R. R. J., Caudle, J., & Price, L. R. (1998). Sex differences in verbal IQ– performance IQ discrepancies among patients with schizophrenia and normal volunteers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 161-165.

65.

Rabinowitz, J., Reichenberg, A., Weiser, M., Mark, M., Kaplan, Z., & Davidson, M. (2000). Cognitive and behavioual functioning in men with schizophrenia both before and shortly after first admission to hospital. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 26-32.

66.

Raine, A. (1991). The SPQ: a scale for the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM-Ⅲ-R criteria. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 17, 555-564.

67.

Schobel, S. A., Kelly, M. A., Corcoran, C. M., Van Heertum, K., Seckinger, R., Goetz, R., Harkavy-Friedman, J., & Malaspina, D. (2009). Anterior hippocampal and orbitofrontal cortical structural brain abnormalities in association with cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 114, 110-118.

68.

Siever, L. J., Koenigsberg, H. W., Harvey, P., Mitropoulou, V., Laruelle, M., Abi, Dargham, A., Goodman, M., & Buchsbaum, M. (2002). Cognitive and brain function in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 54, 157-167.

69.

Siever, L. J., & Davis, K. L. (2004). The pathophysiology of schizophrenia disorders: perspectives from the spectrum. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 398-413.

70.

Simonsen, C., Sundet, K., Vaskinn, A., Birkenaes, A. B., Engh, J. A., Faerden, A., Jonsdottir, H., Ringen, P. A., Opjordsmoen, S., Melle, I., Friis, S., & Andreassen, O. A. (2011). Neurocognitive dysfunction in bipolar and schizophrenia spectrum disorders depends on history of psychosis rather than diagnostic group, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 73-83.

71.

Sorensen, H. J., Mortensen, E. L., Parnas, J., & Mednick, S. A. (2006). Premorbid neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32, 578-583.

72.

Sorensen, H. J., Mortensen, E. L., Schiffman, J., Ekstrom, M., Denenney, D., & Mednick, S. A. (2010). Premorbid IQ and adult schizophrenia spectrum disorder: verbal performance subtests. Psychiatry Research, 178, 23-26.

73.

Toulopoulou, T., Quraishi, S., McDonald, C., & Murray, R. M. (2006). The Maudsley family study: premorbid and current general intellectual function levels in familial bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 243-259.

74.

Trotman, H., McMillan, A., & Walker, E. (2006). Cognitive function and symptoms in adolescents with schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32, 489-497.

75.

Tsuang, H. C., Lin, S. H., Liu, S. K., Hsieh, M. H., Hwang, T. J., Liu, C. M., Hwu, H. G., & Chen, W. J. (2006). More severe sustained attention deficits in nonpsychotic siblings of multiplex schizophrenia families than in those of simplex ones. Schizophrenia Research, 87, 172-180.

76.

Wechsler, D. (1946). The Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale, Form II. New York: Psychological Corporation.

77.

Wechsler, D. (1981). The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.

78.

Wechsler, D. (1997). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Ⅲ. San Antonio, Tx: Psychological Corporation.

79.

Weiser, M., Noy, S., Kaplan, Z., Reichenberg, A., Yazvitsky, R., Grotto, D. N. I., & Knobler, H. Y. (2003). Generalized cognitive impairment in male adolescents with schizotypal personality disorder. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B(Neuropsychiatric Genetics), 116, 36-40.

80.

Woodberry, K. A., Giuliano, A. J., & Seidman, L. J. (2008). Premorbid IQ in schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 579-587.

81.

Yan, C., Liu, W. H., Cao, Y., & Chan, R. C. K. (2011). Self-reported pleasure experience and motivation in individuals with schizotypal personalty disorders proneness. East Asian Archives of Psychiatry, 21, 115-122.

82.

Zinkstok, J. R., de Wilde, O., van Amelsvoort, T. A. M. J., Tanck, M. W., Baas, F., & Linszen, D., H. (2007). Association between the DTNBP Ⅰ gene and intelligence: a case-control study in young patients with schizophrenia and related disorders and unaffected siblings. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 3, 1-10.

83.

Zong, J., Chan, R. C. K., Stone, W. S., Hsi, X., Cao, X., Zhao, Q., Shi, Y., Wang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2010). Coping flexibility in young adults: comparison between subjects with and without schizotypal personality features. Schizophrenia Research, 122, 185-192.

The Korean Journal of Health Psychology