The Korean Journal of Health Psychology
- KOREAN
- P-ISSN1229-070X
- E-ISSN2713-9581
- KCI
Effect of Direct and Indirect Visual Exposure to Increase Toddlers’ Vegetable Eating
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine 1) the effectiveness of a visual exposure program to increase toddlers’ vegetable eating habits 2) the differences in the effectiveness between direct and indirect exposure groups, 3) the differences in the effectiveness according to the previous frequency of consumption. A total number of 104 children, aged 24 to 48 months old, participated in the exposure program in which the direct exposure used real vegetables and the indirect exposure used pictures of vegetables. The results showed that both the direct and the indirect exposure increased the amount of vegetable eating. The amount of vegetables not exposed during the experiment was increased in the case of direct exposure than in the indirect and the control groups. Based on the frequency of consumption, the effectiveness of a visual exposure was observed only in the direct and the low-frequency group. These results showed that the visual exposure was an effective method for improving vegetable consumption, and to change the children’s actual intake of food, real food exposure would be more effective. The clinical implications and limitations of the study were also discussed.
- keywords
- food neophobia, toddlers’ vegetable eating, repeated exposure, visual exposure, direct exposure, indirect exposure, 편식, 유아기 채소 섭취, 반복 노출, 시각적 노출, 직접 노출, 간접 노출
Reference
김수영, 김희섭 (2008). 요리 활동 교육이 아동의 편식행동에 미치는 영향. 한국식생활문화학회지,23(5), 556-552.
김영혜, 강유주, 이인선, 김향숙 (2010). 충북지역 중학생의 식이섬유 섭취 실태 및 식품섭취빈도조사지 개발. 한국식품영양과학회지, 39(2),244-252.
김혜진, 정경미, 박미정, 최연호 (2008). 섭취 문제가 있는 영유아 아동에 대한 부모설문조사. 대한소아소화기영양학회지, 11(2), 179-186.
박성현, 허무룡 (2009). 취학 전 아동의 올바른 식습관을 위한 영양교육 병행 원예 프로그램의 효과.원예과학기술지, 27(3), 497-502.
양소정, 정경미 (2007). 부모 교육을 통한 섭식장애 아동의 행동 치료. 정서학습장애연구, 23(4),99-117.
양일선, 김은경, 배영희, 이소정, 안효진 (1993). 미취학아동의 편식지도를 위한 영양교육 프로그램 개발에 관한 연구. 한국식생활문화학회지, 8(2),125-137.
이어진, 정경미, 진혜경 (2010). 발달장애아동의 섭식문제가 양육스트레스에 미치는 영향과 양육자의사회적 지지와 대처방식의 매개효과. 정서학습장애연구, 26(1), 181-208.
임영, 오세영 (2002). 미취학 어린이를 위한 반정량적식품섭취 빈도조사지 개발. 대한지역사회영양학회지, 7(1), 58-66.
정경미, 주정현 (2012). 한국형 아동 섭취행동 질문지 (K-CEBQ)의 표준화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 건 강, 17(4), 943-961.
Addessi. E., Galloway, A. T., Visalberghi, E., & Birch, L. L. (2005). Specific social influences on the acceptance of novel food in 2-5-year-old children. Appetite, 45, 264-271.
Babbit, R. L., Hoch, T. A., & Coe, D. A. (1994). Behavioral feeding disorders. San Diego: Singular Press.
Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M. & Morris, T. L. (2000). Behavioral treatment of childhood social phobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(8), 1072-1080.
Birch, L. L. (1979). Dimensions of preschool children’s food preferences. Journal of Nutrition Education, 11, 77-80.
Birch, L. L. (1980). Effects of peer models’ food choices and eating behaviors on preschoolers’ food preferences. Child Development, 51, 489-496.
Birch, L. L., Gunder, L. Grimm-Thomas, K. & Laing, D. (1998). Infants consumption of a new food enhances acceptance of similar foods. Appetite, 30, 283-295.
Birch, L. L., & Marlin, D. W. (1982). I don’t like it; I never tried it: effects of exposure on two-year-old children’s food preferences. Appetite, 3, 353-360.
Birch, L. L., McPhee, L., Shoba, B. C., Pirok, E., & Steinberg, L. (1987). What kind of exposure reduces children’s food neophobia? Looking vs. Tasting. Appetite, 9, 171-178.
Black, M. M., Hurley, K. M. (2007, 1, 10). Helping children develop healthy eating habits. Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development [online]. http://www.childencyclopedia. com/documents/Black-HurleyAN Gxp_rev-Eating.pdf. 에서 2013, 2, 22 인출.
Bryant-Waugh, R., Markham, L., Kreipe, R. E., & Walsh, B. T. (2010). Feeding and eating disorders in childhood. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43(2), 98-111.
Carruth, B. R., & Skinner, J. D. (2000). Revisiting the picky eater phenomenon. neophobic behaviors of young children. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 19(6), 771-780.
Carruth, B. R., Ziegler, P. J., Gordon, A., & Barr, S. I. (2004). Prevalence of picky eaters among infants and toddlers and their caregivers’ decisions about offering a new food. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 104(1), 57-64.
Cashdan, E. (1994). A sensitive period for learning about food. Human Nature, 5, 279-291.
Choy, Y., Fyer, A. J., & Lipsitz, J. D. (2007). Treatment of specific phobia in adults. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(3), 266-286.
Cooke, L. (2007). The importance of exposure for healthy eating in childhood: a review. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 20(4), 294-301.
Cooke, L., Carnell, S., & Wardle, J. (2006). Food neophobia and mealtime food consumption in 4-5-year-old children. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 3, 14.
Cooke, L., Haworth, C., & Wardle, J. (2007). Genetic and environmental influences on children’s food neophobia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 86(2), 428-433.
Cooke, L., & Wardle, J. (2005). Age and gender differences in children’s food preferences. British Journal of Nutrition, 93, 741-746.
Cooke, L., & Wardle, J., & Gibson, E. L. (2003). Relationship between parental repot of food neophobia and everyday food consumption in 2-6-year-old children. Appetite, 41, 205-206.
Coulthard, H. & Blissett, J. (2009). Fruit and vegetable consumption in children and their mothers. Moderating effects of child sensory sensitivity. Appetite, 52(2), 410-415.
Dovey, T. M., Staples, P. A., Gibson, E. L., & Halford, J. (2008). Food neophobia and ‘picky/fussy’ eating in children. A review. Appetite, 50, 181-193.
Emmelkamp, P. M. (1982). Phobic and obsessive-compulsive disorders: Theory, research and practice. New York: Plenum.
Galloway, A. T., Lee, Y., & Birch, L. L. (2003). Predictors and consequences of food neophobia and pickiness in young girls. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103(6), 692-698.
Gerrish, C. J., & Menella, J. A. (2001). Flavor variety enhances food acceptance in formula-fed infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73, 1080-1085.
Halford, J. C., Gillespie, J., Brown, V., Pontin, E. E., & Dovey, T. (2004). Effect of television advertisements for foods on food consumption in children. Appetite, 42, 221-225.
Harper, L., & Sanders, K. M. (1975). The effect of adult’s eating on young children’s acceptance of unfamiliar foods. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 20, 206-214.
Havermans, R. C., & Jansen, A. (2007). Increasing children’s liking of vegetables through flavour-flavour learning. Appetite, 48, 259-262.
Heath, P. M., Houston-Price, C., & Kennedy, O. B. (2010). Can visual exposure impact on children’s visual preferences for fruit and vegetables? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 69(6), 422.
Heath, P., Houston-Price, C., & Kennedy, O. B. (2011). Increasing food familiarity without the tears. A role for visual exposure? Appetite, 57(3), 832-838.
Hendy, H. M., Williams, K. E., Camise, T. S., Eckman, N., & Hedemann, A. (2008). The Parent Mealtime Action Scale(PMAS): development and association with children’s diet and weight. Appetite, 52(2), 328-339.
Henriques, A. S., King, S. C., & Meiselman, H. L. (2009). Consumer segmentation based on food neophobia and its application to product development. Food Quality and Preference, 20(2), 83-91.
Hobden, K., & Pliner, P. (1995). Effects of a model on food neophobia in humans. Appetite, 25, 101-114.
Houston-Price, C., Burton, E., Hickinson, R., Inett, J., Moore, E., Salmon, K., et al., (2009a). Visual exposure elicits positive visual preferences in toddlers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 104, 89-104.
Houston-Price, C., Butler, L., & Shiba, P. (2009b). Visual exposure impacts on toddlers’ willingness to tatse fruit and vegetables. Appetite, 53, 450-453.
Ireton, C. L., & Guthrie, H. A. (1972). Modification of vegetable eating behavior in preschool children. Journal of Nutrition Education, 4(3), 100-103.
Jacobi, C., Agras, W. S., Bryson, S., & Hammer, L. D. (2003). Behavioral validation, precursors, and concomitant of picky eating in childhood. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolesent Psychiatry, 42(1), 76-84.
Kato, T., Ishino, M., Aoyama, K., & Fujimoto, H. (2011). 내 아이의 두뇌를 깨우는 마법놀이. (이민영 역). 서울: 비타북스. (원전은 2010에 출판)
Lakkalula, A., Geaghan, J., Zanovec, M., Pierce, S., & Tuuri, G. (2010). Repeated taste exposure increases liking for vegetable by low-income elementary school children. Appetite, 55, 226-231.
Ledeman, S. A., Akabas, S. R., Moore, B. J., Bentley, M. E., Devaney, B., Gilman, M. W. et al. (2004). Summary of the Presentations at the Conference on Preventing Childhood Obesity, December 8, 2003. Pediatrics, 114(4), 1146-1173.
Lewis, M.. & Hill, A. (1998). Food advertising on British children’s television. Content analysis and experimental study with nine year olds. International Journal of Obesity, 22, 206-214.
Linscheid, T. R. (1992). Eating problems in children. In C. E. Walker & M C. Roberts (Eds.), Handbook of Clinical Child Psychology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Maier, A., Chabanet, C., Schaal, B., Issanchou, S., & Leathwood, P. (2007). Effects of repeated exposure on acceptance of initially disliked vegetables in 7-month old infants. Food Quality and Preference, 18(8). 1023-1032.
Mennella, J, A., Kennedy, J. M., & Beauchamp, G. K. (2006). Vegetable acceptance by infants: Effects of formula flavors. Early Human Development, 82, 463-468.
Morris, J. L., & Zindenberg-cherr, S. (2002). Garden-enhanced nutrition curriculum imporves fourth-grade school children’s knowledge of nutrition and preferences for some vegetables. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102(1), 91-93.
Newman, J., & Taylor, A. (1992). Effect of a means-end contingency on young children’s food preferences. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64, 200-216.
Pliner, P. (1982). The effect of mere exposure on liking for edible substances. Appetite, 3, 283-290.
Pliner, P., & Loewen, E. R. (1997). Temperament and food neophobia in children and their mothers. Appetite, 28(3), 239-254.
Pliner P., & Salvy, S. (2006). Food neophobia in humans. In R. Shepherd, & M. Raats (Eds.), The psychology of food choice (pp. 75-92). UK: Oxfordshire.
Raudenbush, B., & Frank, R. A. (1999). Assessing food neophobia. The role of stimulus familiarity. Appetite, 32, 261-271.
Story, S., & French, S. (2004). Food advertising and marketing directed at children and adolescents in the US. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 1, 1-3.
Sullivan, S. A., & Birch, L. L. (1990). Pass the sugar, pass the salt: experience dictates preference. Developmental Psychology, 26, 546-551.
Sullivan, S. A., & Birch, L. L. (1994). Infant dietary experience and acceptance of solid foods. Pediatrics, 93, 271-277.
Tuorila, H., Meiselman, H. L., Bell, R., Cardello, A. V., & Johnson, W. (1994). Role of sensory and cognitive information in the enhancement of certainty and liking for novel and familiar foods. Appetite, 23, 231-246.
Tuorila, H., & Mustonen, S. (2010). Reluctant trying of an unfamiliar food induces negative affection for the food. Appetite, 43, 418-421.
Wardle, J. & Cooke, L. (2008). Genetic and environmental determinants of children’s food preferences. British Journal of Nutrition, 99(1), 15-21.
Wardle, J., Cooke, L., Gibson, E. L., Sapochnik, M., Sheiham, A., & Lawson, M. (2003a). Increasing children’s acceptance of vegetables: a randomized trial of guidance to parents. Appetite, 40, 155-162.
Wardle, J., Guthrie, C. A., Sanderson, S., & Rapoport, L. (2001). Development of the children’s eating behaviour questionnaire. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 963-970.
Wardle, J., Herrera, M. L., Cooke, L., & Gibson, E. L. (2003b). Modifying children’s food preferences: the effects of exposure and reward on acceptance of an unfamiliar vegetable. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57, 341-348.
Wright, C. M., Parkinson, K. N., Shipton, D., & Drewett, R. F. (2007). How do toddler eating problems relate to their eating behavior, food preferences, and growth? Pediatrics, 120(4), 1069-1075.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations