청소년을 대상으로 한 반응양식이론의 재개념화
Reconceptualization of the Response Styles Theory in Adolescents
김은정 (아주대학교)
초록
본 연구에서는 중·고등학생 629명을 대상으로 Nolen-Hoeksema의 기존 반응양식이론의 반응양식과 반응양식이론의 비율접근(반추/주의분산+문제해결) 및 확장된 반응양식의 비율접근(반추+기분회피/주의분산+문제해결+마음챙김)이 우울증상에 미치는 차별적 영향을 검증하였다. 연구결과, 첫째, 우울증상에 대해 반추보다 반응양식비율점수가 우울증상을 상대적으로 더 잘 설명하였다. 둘째, 반추와 반응양식비율점수를 통제한 후에도, 확장된 반응양식비율점수(반추+기분회피/주의분산+문제해결+마음챙김)가 우울증상을 추가적으로 설명하였다. 셋째, 전체에서 반추와 주의분산이 모두 높거나 낮은 집단이 차지하는 비율이 반추가 높고 주의분산이 낮은 집단, 반추가 낮고 주의분산이 높은 집단에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 아동을 대상으로 한 선행 연구에서 반추보다 더 강력히 우울에 영향을 끼치는 것으로 검증된 비율접근을 청소년을 대상으로 반복 검증하였으며, 마음챙김과 기분회피 반응양식을 추가한 확장된 반응양식비율점수가 우울을 추가적으로 설명한다는 것을 밝혔다. 이러한 결과들을 중심으로 본 연구의 시사점과 제한점을 살펴보고 더 나아가 치료적 함의를 논의하였다.
- keywords
- 반추, 주의분산, 문제해결, 기분회피, 마음챙김, 반응양식이론의 비율접근, 우울, 청소년, rumination, distraction, problem-solving, mood avoidance, mindfulness, response style ratio approach, depression, adolescents
Abstract
We examined the effect of Nolen-Hoeksema's response styles, response style ratio approach (rumination scores divided by the sum of distraction and problem-solving scores), and the expanded response style ratio approach (the sum of rumination and mood avoidance scores divided by the sum of distraction, problem-solving, and mindfulness scores) on depression in middle and high school students (N=629). The results indicated that in adolescents, RSQ ratio scores were more strongly associated with depression than RSQ rumination. Second, the expanded ratio scores accounted for additional variance in depression scores, controlling for RSQ ratio and RSQ rumination scores. Third, the proportion of high rumination/high distraction and low rumination/low distraction was higher than high rumination/low distraction and low rumination/high distraction. The adolescents sample study corroborated previous findings that a Nolen-Hoeksema's response style ratio approach more strongly predicts depressive symptoms than rumination scores. Furthermore, the study also provided the first support for the hypothesis that expanded response style ratio scores that add mindfulness and mood avoidance response styles to the Nolen-Hoeksema's response style theory additionally account for depressive symptoms. Finally, the findings were discussed in terms of limitations and treatment implications across the ratio approach.
- keywords
- 반추, 주의분산, 문제해결, 기분회피, 마음챙김, 반응양식이론의 비율접근, 우울, 청소년, rumination, distraction, problem-solving, mood avoidance, mindfulness, response style ratio approach, depression, adolescents
참고문헌
교육과학기술부, 보건복지부, 질병관리본부 (2013). 제9차(2013)청소년건강행태온라인조사통계 (발간등록번호:11-1460736-000038-10). 서울: 질병관리본부.
김은정 (2010). 지각된 부모의 양육행동과 청소년 우울증상과의 관계 역기능적 도식과 회피 대처의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 29(2), 407-425.
김은정, 오경자 (1994). 우울증상의 지속에 영향을 주는인지 및 행동요인들 : 3개월간 추적연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 13, 1-19.
박성현, 성승연 (2008). 자기-초점적 주의와 심리적 안녕감 간의 관계에 마음챙김의 조절효과. 한국심리학회지 : 상담 및 심리치료, 20, 1127-1147
박윤아, 이영호, 신민섭 (2006). 우울 기분 반응양식 질문지의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지 : 임상, 25, 1105-1121.
배재홍 (2007). 한국형 마음챙김 명상에 기반한 스트레스 감소 프로그램이 대학생의 정서 반응에 미치는영향. 영남대학교 일반대학원 박사학위 청구논문
신민섭, 오경자 (1993). 청소년기의 자아정체감 혼란과부적응 행동. 대학생활연구, 11, 71-84.
이우경 (2008). 중년기 여성의 스트레스, 마음챙김, 자기-자애, 정서적 안녕감 간의 관계 구조분석과 마음챙김 증진 프로그램 효과 연구. 이화여자대학교 일반대학원 박사학위 청구논문.
조용래 (2009). 한국판 개정된 인지적 및 정서적 마음챙김 척도의 신뢰도와 타당도, 한국심리학회지: 임상, 28, 667-693.
Abela, J., Brozina, K., & Haigh, E. (2002). An examination of the response styles theory of depression in third-and seventh-grade children:A short-term longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(5), 515-527.
Abela, J., Vanderbilt, E., & Rochon, A. (2004). A test of the integration of the response styles and social support theories of depression in third and seventh grade children. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(5), 653-674.
Abela, J., Aydin, C., & Auerbach, R. (2007). Responses to depression in children:Reconceptualizing the relation among response styles. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(6), 913-927.
Abramson, L., Metalsky, G., & Alloy, L. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychologicalreview,96(2),358-372.
Baser. R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical psychology: Science and Practice, 10. 125-143.
Beck, A. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression :The Guilford Press.
Broderick, P., & Korteland, C. (2004). A prospective study of rumination and depression in early adolescence. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 9(3),383.
Brook, J., Whiteman, M., & Gordon, A. (1983). Stages of drug abuse in adolescence: Personality, peer, and family correlates. Developmental Psychology,19(2),269-277.
Butler, L., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1994). Gender differences in responses to depressed mood in a college sample. SexRoles,30(5),331-346.
Burwell, R., & Shirk, S. (2007). Subtypes of rumination in adolescence: Associations between brooding, reflection, depressive symptoms, and coping. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 36(1), 56-65.
Cole, D. (1991). Preliminary support for a competency-based model of depression in children. Journal of abnormal psychology, 100(2), 181-190.
Dixon, W., Heppner, P., Burnett, J., Anderson, W., & Wood, P. (1993). Distinguishing among antecedents, concomitants, and consequences of problem-solving appraisal and depressive symptoms. Journa lof Counseling Psychology,40(3),357-364.
Driscoll, K. (2004). Children's Response Styles and Risk For Depression and Anxiety: Developmental and Sex Differences.
Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177-190.
Ferster, C. (1973). A functional analysis of depression. American Psychologist, 28(10), 857-870.
Garber, J. (2000). Development and depression. In A. J. Sameroff & M. Lewis et al., (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology(2nd ed., pp467-490, Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Grabe, S., Hyde, J., & Lindberg, S. (2007). Body objectification and depression in adolescents: The role of gender, shame, and rumination. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(2),164-175.
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic research, 57(1), 35-43.
Hankin, B. (2008). Stability of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression: A short-term prospective multiwave study. Journal of abnormal psychology, 117(2), 324.
Hilt, L., McLaughlin, K., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). Examination of the Response Styles Theory in a Community Sample of Young Adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 1-12.
Holahan, C., Moos, R., Brennan, P., & Schutte, K. (2005). Stress generation, avoidance coping, and depressive symptoms: A 10-year model. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(4), 658-666.
Jain, S., Shapiro, S. L., Swanick, S., Roesch, S. C., Mills, P. J., Bell, I., Schwartz, G. E. (2007). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation versus relaxation training: effects on distress, positive states of mind, rumination, and distraction. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33, 11-21.
Just, N., & Alloy, L. (1997). The response styles theory of depression: Tests and an extension of the theory. Journal of abnormal psychology, 106, 221-229.
Kaslow, N., Adamson, L., & Collins, M. (2000). A developmental psychopathology perspective on the cognitive components of child and adolescent depression. Handbook of developmental psychopathology, 491-510.
Katz, E., & Bertelson, A. (1993). The effects of gender and response style on depressed mood. SexRoles, 29(7), 509-514.
Kovacs, M., Sherrill, J., George, C. J., Pollack, M., Tumuluru, R. V., & Ho, V. (2006). Contextual emotion-regulation therapy for childhood depression: description and pilot testing of a nex intervention. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 892-903.
Lazarus, R., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping:Springer Publishing Company.
Li, C., DiGiuseppe, R., & Froh, J. (2006). The roles of sex, gender, and coping in adolescent depression. ADOLESCENCE-SANDIEGO-,41(163),409.
Morrow, J., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1990). Effects of responses to depression on the remediation of depressive affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(3), 519-527.
Moulds, M., Kandris, E., Starr, S., & Wong, A. (2007). The relationship between rumination, avoidance and depression in a non-clinical sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(2), 251-261.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1987). Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin,101(2),259-282.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of abnormal psychology, 100(4), 569-582.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 115-121.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1993). Effects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood. Cognition&Emotion,7(6),561-570.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker, L., & Larson, J. (1994). Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 92-92.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Harrell, Z. (2002). Rumination, depression, and alcohol use: Tests of gender differences. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 16(4),391-403.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2004). Depressive rumination: Nature, theory, and treatment: Wiley & Sons.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Stice, E., Wade, E., & Bohon, C. (2007). Reciprocal relations between rumination and bulimic, substance abuse, and depressive symptoms in female adolescents. Journal of abnormal psychology,116(1),198.
Ottenbreit, N., & Dobson, K. (2004). Avoidance and depression: The construction of the cognitive-behavioral avoidance scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(3), 293-313.
Radloff, L. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A Self Report Depression Scale for Research in the General. Applied psychological measurement, 1(3), 385-401.
Ramel, W., Goldin, P. R., Camona, P. E., & McQuaid, J. R. (2004). The effects of mindfulness meditation on cognitive preocesses and affect in patients with past depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 433-455.
Rippere, V. (1976). Antidepressive behaviour: A preliminary report. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 14(4), 289-299.
Roberts, J., Gilboa, E., & Gotlib, I. (1998). Ruminative response style and vulnerability to episodes of dysphoria: Gender, neuroticism, and episode duration. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22(4), 401-423.
Roemer, L., Lee, J., Salters-Pedneault, K., Erisman, S., Orsillo, S., & Mennin, D. (2009). Mindfulness and emtion regulation difficulties in generalized anxiety disorder: Preliminary eveidence for independent and overlapping contributions. Behavior Therapy, 40(2), 142-154.
Rood, L., Roelofs, J., Bogels, S., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schouten, E. (2009). The influence of emotion-focused rumination and distraction on depressive symptoms in non-clinical youth: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review.
Sarin, S., Abela, J., & Auerbach, R. (2005). The response styles theory of depression: A test of specificity and causal mediation. Cognition &Emotion, 19(5), 751-761.
Schwartz, J., & Koenig, L. (1996). Response styles and negative affect among adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20(1), 13-36.
Segal, Z., Williams, M., & Teasdale, J. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: New York: Guilford Press.
Teasdale, J., Segal, Z., & Williams, J. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness)training help? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(1),25-39.
Teasdale, J. (1999). Emotional processing, three modes of mind and the prevention of relapse in depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, S53.
Teasdale, J., Segal, Z., Ridgeway, V., & Soulsby, J. (2000). Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Prevention, 68(4), 615-623.
Ziegert, D., & Kistner, J. (2002). Response styles theory: Downward extension to children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 31(3),325-334.
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
- 0KCI 피인용수
- 0WOS 피인용수