Internet Addiction(IA) is associated with various disorders such as substance use disorder, ADHD, and impulse control disorder. In the present study, we purposed to investigate the resting state EEG pattern of an IA group, without any other psychiatric disorders, to identify psychophysiological characteristics of IA. Twenty adolescent patients with IA were compared to 20 healthy controls, matching for age and sex participated this study. A resting state EEG record was obtained through 30 sites of the whole scalp. In comparison with the control group, the IA group showed a significant higher beta1 and gamma EEG amplitude. This activation pattern has proven to be similar to substance use disorder.
고영건, 이임순, 김지혜. (2004). 주의력-결핍/과잉행동 장애와 품행 장애의 충동성 비교. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 23(2), 417-433.
김정택, 신동균 (1978). STAI 의 한국표준화에 관한 연구. 최신의학, 21(10), 1223-1229.
노안영, 정민 (2011). 우울을 매개로한 대학생의 인터넷중독 예측 변인들. 상담학연구, 12(1), 355-371.
신광우, 김동일, 정여주. (2011). 스마트폰 중독 진단척도 개발 연구. 서울: 한국정보화진흥원.
유상우, 김영신, 노주선,오강섭,김찬영,남궁기.(2006). 한국판 Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 타당도 연구. 대한불안의학지, 2, 50-55.
이중서, 배승오, 안용민, 박두병, 노경선, 신현균, 김용식 (2005). 한국판 Hamilton 우울증 평가 척도의신뢰도, 타당도 연구. J. Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc, 44(4), 456-465.
한국정보화진흥원 (2015). 2014 인터넷중독 실태조사. 서울: 미래창조과학부.
황병록, 정형원 (2010). 청소년 인터넷 게임 중독과 게임 이용자 혁신성과의 관계 연구. 한국컴퓨터게임학회논문지, (20), 167-176.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC: APA.
Anand, A., Shekhar, A. (2003). Brain imaging studies in mood and anxiety disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 985(1), 370-388.
Appelbaum, L. G., Cain, M. S., Darling, E. F., & Mitroff, S. R. (2013). Action video game playing is associated with improved visual sensitivity, but not alterations in visual sensory memory. Attention, Perception, Psychophysics, 75(6), 1161-1167.
Bavelier, D., Green, C. S., Han, D. H., Renshaw, P. F., Merzenich, M. M., Gentile, D. A. (2011). Brains on video games. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12(12), 763-768.
Bechara, A. (2005). Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: a neurocognitive perspective. Nature Neuroscience, 8(11), 1458-1463.
Bechara, A., Damasio, H. (2002). Decision-making and addiction (part I): impaired activation of somatic states in substance dependent individuals when pondering decisions with negative future consequences. Neuropsychologia, 40(10), 1675-1689.
Bechara, A., Dolan, S., Hindes, A. (2002). Decision-making and addiction (part II): myopia for the future or hypersensitivity to reward?. Neuropsychologia, 40(10), 1690-1705.
Block, J. J. (2008). Issues for DSM-V: internet addiction. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 306-307.
Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C. (2014). Prefrontal control and Internet addiction: a theoretical model and review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8(375), 1-13.
Caplan, S. E. (2003). Preference for online social interaction a theory of problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being. Communication Research, 30(6), 625-648.
Choi, J. S., Park, S. M., Lee, J., Hwang, J. Y., Jung, H. Y., Choi, S. W., Kim, D. J., Oh, S. H., Lee, J. Y. (2013). Resting-state beta and gamma activity in Internet addiction. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 89(3), 328-333.
Coccaro, E. F., Lee, R. J., Kavoussi, R. J. (2009). A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in patients with intermittent explosive disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70(5), 653-662.
Coger, R. W., Dymond, A. M., Serafetinides, E. A., Lowenstam, I., Pearson, D. (1978). EEG signs of brain impairment in alcoholism. Biological Psychiatry, 13(6), 729-739.
Colgin, L. L., Denninger, T., Fyhn, M., Hafting, T., Bonnevie, T., Jensen, O., Moser, M. B., Moser, E. I. (2009). Frequency of gamma oscillations routes flow of information in the hippocampus. Nature, 462(7271), 353-357.
Debener, S., Herrmann, C. S., Kranczioch, C., Gembris, D., Engel, A. K. (2003). Top-down attentional processing enhances auditory evoked gamma band activity. Neuroreport, 14(5), 683-686.
Dong, G., Huang, J., Du, X. (2011). Enhanced reward sensitivity and decreased loss sensitivity in Internet addicts: an fMRI study during a guessing task. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(11), 1525-1529.
Dong, G., Lu, Q., Zhou, H., Zhao, X. (2010). Impulse inhibition in people with Internet addiction disorder: electrophysiological evidence from a Go/NoGo study. Neuroscience Letters, 485(2), 138-142.
Egner, T., Gruzelier, J. H. (2003). Ecological validity of neurofeedback: Modulation of slow wave EEG enhances musical performance. Neuroreport, 14(9), 1221-1224.
Engel, A. K., Fries, P., Singer, W. (2001). Dynamic predictions: oscillations and synchrony in top–down processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(10), 704-716.
Fontenelle, L. F., Oostermeijer, S., Harrison, B. J., Pantelis, C., Yücel, M. (2011). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Impulse Control Disorders and Drug Addiction. Drugs, 71(7), 827-840.
Griffiths, M. (1996). Gambling on the Internet: A brief note. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12(4), 471-473.
Griffiths, M. (2000). Does Internet and computer"addiction" exist? Some case study evidence. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 3(2), 211-218.
HajiHosseini, A., Rodríguez-Fornells, A., Marco- Pallarés, J. (2012). The role of beta-gamma oscillations in unexpected rewards processing. Neuroimage,60(3), 1678-1685.
Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 23, 56-62.
Han, D. H., Hwang, J. W., Renshaw, P. F. (2010). Bupropion sustained release treatment decreases craving for video games and cue-induced brain activity in patients with Internet video game addiction. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18(4), 297.
Han, D. H., Lee, Y. S., Na, C., Ahn, J. Y., Chung, U. S., Daniels, M. A., Haws, C. A., Renshaw, P. F. (2009). The effect of methylphenidate on Internet video game play in children with attention-deficit /hyperactivity disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50(3), 251-256.
Hermens, D. F., Soei, E. X., Clarke, S. D., Kohn, M. R., Gordon, E., Williams, L. M. (2005). Resting EEG theta activity predicts cognitive performance in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatric Neurology, 32(4), 248-256.
Herrmann, C. S., Demiralp, T. (2005). Human EEG gamma oscillations in neuropsychiatric disorders. Clinical Neurophysiology, 116(12), 2719-2733.
Herning, R. I., Glover, B. J., Koeppl, B., Phillips, R. L., London, E. D. (1994). Cocaine-induced increases in EEG alpha and beta activity:evidence for reduced cortical processing. Neuropsychopharmacology, 11(1), 1-9.
Houston, R. J., Ceballos, N. A. (2013). Human Neurophysiology: EEG and Quantitative EEG in Addiction Research. Biological Research on Addiction: Comprehensive Addictive Behaviors and Disorders, 2, 379.
Jang, K. S., Hwang, S. Y., Choi, J. Y. (2008). Internet addiction and psychiatric symptoms among Korean adolescents. Journal of School Health, 78(3), 165-171.
June, K. J., Sohn, S. Y., So, A. Y., Yi, G. M., & Park, S. H. (2007). A study of factors that influence Internet addiction, smoking, and drinking in high school students. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi, 37(6), 872-882.
Kim, H., Kim, Y. K., Gwak, A. R., Lim, J. A., Lee, J. Y., Jung, H. Y., Sohn, B. K., Choi, S. W., Kim, D. J., Choi, J. S. (2015). Resting-state regional homogeneity as a biological marker for patients with Internet gaming disorder: A comparison with patients with alcohol use disorder and healthy controls. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 60, 104-111.
Kamarajan, C., Porjesz, B. (2012). Psychology of Impulsivity. NY: Nova Science Publishers, 20-93.
Ko, C. H., Hsiao, S., Liu, G. C., Yen, J. Y., Yang, M. J., Yen, C. F. (2010). The characteristics of decision making, potential to take risks, and personality of college students with Internet addiction. Psychiatry Research, 175(1), 121-125.
Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. S., & Chen, C. C. (2012). The association between Internet addiction and psychiatric disorder: a review of the literature. European Psychiatry, 27(1), 1-8.
Kvaal, K., Ulstein, I., Nordhus, I. H., Engedal, K. (2005). The Spielberger state‐trait anxiety inventory (STAI): the state scale in detecting mental disorders in geriatric patients. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(7), 629-634.
Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D. V., Weiller, E., Amorim, P., Bonora, I., Sheehan, K. H., Janavs, J. J., & Dunbar, G. C. (1997). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: reliability and validity according to the CIDI. European Psychiatry, 12(5), 224-231.
Lin, S. S., Tsai, C. C. (2002). Sensation seeking and internet dependence of Taiwanese high school adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 18(4), 411-426.
Liu, J., Gao, X. P., Osunde, I., Li, X., Zhou, S. K., Zheng, H. R., Li, L. J. (2010). Increased regional homogeneity in internet addiction disorder a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Chin Med J (Engl), 123(14), 1904-1908.
Mellers, B. A., McGraw, A. P. (2001). Anticipated emotions as guides to choice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(6), 210-214.
Park, H. S., Kim, S. H., Bang, S., Yoon, E. J., Cho, S. S., Kim, S. E. (2010). Altered regional cerebral glucose metabolism in internet game overusers: a 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography study. CNS Spectrums, 15(03), 159-166.
Propping, P., Krüger, J., Mark, N. (1981). Genetic disposition to alcoholism. An EEG study in alcoholics and their relatives. Human Genetics, 59(1), 51-59.
Romera, I., Pérez, V., Menchón, J. M., Polavieja, P., & Gilaberte, I. (2011). Optimal cutoff point of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression according to normal levels of social and occupational functioning. Psychiatry Research, 186(1), 133-137.
Salari, A. A., Bakhtiari, A., Homberg, J. R. (2015). Activation of GABA-A receptors during postnatal brain development increases anxiety-and depression-related behaviors in A time-and dose-dependent manner in adult mice. European Neuropsychopharmacology., 25(8), 1260-1274.
Shapira, N. A., Goldsmith, T. D., Keck, P. E., Khosla, U. M., McElroy, S. L. (2000). Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic internet use. Journal of Affective Disorders, 57(1), 267-272.
Shapira, N. A., Lessig, M. C., Goldsmith, T. D., Szabo, S. T., Lazoritz, M., Gold, M. S., Stein, D. J. (2003). Problematic internet use: proposed classification and diagnostic criteria. Depression and Anxiety, 17(4), 207-216.
Spielberger, C. D. (1989). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: Bibliography (2nd ed.). CA:Consulting Psychologists Press.
Strelets, V. B., Novototsky-Vlasov, V. Y., & Golikova, J. V. (2002). Cortical connectivity in high frequency beta-rhythm in schizophrenics with positive and negative symptoms. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 44(2), 101-115.
Sutherland, M. T., McHugh, M. J., Pariyadath, V., & Stein, E. A. (2012). Resting state functional connectivity in addiction: Lessons learned and a road ahead. Neuroimage, 62(4), 2281-2295.
Tian, M., Chen, Q., Zhang, Y., Du, F., Hou, H., Chao, F., Zhang, H. (2014). PET imaging reveals brain functional changes in internet gaming disorder. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 41(7), 1388-1397.
Uddin, L. Q., Kelly, A. C., Biswal, B. B., Margulies, D. S., Shehzad, Z., Shaw, D., Ghaffari, M., Rotrosen, J., Adler, L. A., Castellanos, F. X., & Milham, M. P. (2008). Network homogeneity reveals decreased integrity of default-mode network in ADHD. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 169(1), 249-254.
Varela, F., Lachaux, J. P., Rodriguez, E., & Martinerie, J. (2001). The brainweb: phase synchronization and large-scale integration. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(4), 229-239.
Wang, G. Y., Kydd, R., Wouldes, T. A., Jensen, M., & Russell, B. R. (2015). Changes in resting EEG following methadone treatment in opiate addicts. Clinical Neurophysiology, 126(5), 943-950.
Weinstein, A., Lejoyeux, M. (2010). Internet addiction or excessive internet use. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 277-283.
Weinstein, A., Lejoyeux, M. (2015). New developments on the neurobiological and pharmaco‐genetic mechanisms underlying internet and videogame addiction. The American Journal on Addictions, 24(2), 117-125.
Wilson, T. W., Franzen, J. D., Heinrichs‐Graham, E., White, M. L., Knott, N. L., Wetzel, M. W. (2013). Broadband neurophysiological abnormalities in the medial prefrontal region of the default‐mode network in adults with ADHD. Human Brain Mapping, 34(3), 566-574.
Yen, J. Y., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. S., Tang, T. C., & Ko, C. H. (2009). The association between adult ADHD symptoms and internet addiction among college students: the gender difference. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(2), 187-191.
Zhou, Z., Li, C., Zhu, H. (2013). An error-related negativity potential investigation of response monitoring function in individuals with Internet addiction disorder. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(131), 1-8.