The Korean Journal of Health Psychology
- Log In/Sign Up
- KOREAN
- P-ISSN1229-070X
- E-ISSN2713-9581
- KCI
The Effects of Self-regulatory Strength and Construal Level on Delay Discounting Rates
Abstract
People are stand at the crossroads of choice between the consequences that can occur in everyday inter temporal. A lot of people tend to prefer the immediate rewards, even if the rewards are lager for the future. Each of individuals has different delay discount rates, people who take count of the higher discount rates for future rewards undervalue present value of the future rewards and judge it has a less influence that the effects of future reward due to the current choice. They select the problematic behavior, such as smoking, addiction, eating problem and impulse buying because of excessive discounts for future rewards. This research aimed at investigating the effects of self-regulatory strength and construal level on delay discounting. First, targeting 54 individuals who are male or female in university students and students on a leave of absence in the age of 20s. We set the cover story "Influence of the preference for money" after that, we make them write down a self control scale(SCS) and selected each 27 individuals in the top 25% and 27 individuals in the bottom 25% of full score, among people who decided to participate in this experiment. For this, the researcher planned a design between subjects 2(high self-regulatory strength, low self-regulatory strength) × 2(high construal level, low construal level), and used behavior task Delay discounting task(DDT) to measure delay discount rates and presumed individual's delay discount, accepting responses (which have been) selected by participants. As the analysis result, significant difference appeared in the discount rates of self-regulatory strength and construal level. Also, delay discount was lower when high construal level has been manipulated and was higher when low constual level has been manipulated, in group of low self-regulatory strength, whereas there were no relevant difference according to construal level, in group of high self-regulatory strength. These results propose self-regulatory strength's correlation between deficiency and high delay discount, and impress the importance of induction to high construal level is helpful for reducing delay discount. According to the study, we could expect that induction to futuristic temporal preference may be prevent effect to message delivery in clinical setting regarded as self control failure.
- keywords
- 자기조절력, 해석수준, 지연할인율, Self-Regulation, Construal level theory, Delay discounting rate, DDT
Reference
김교헌 (2006). 중독과 자기조절. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 11(1), 63-105.
김재휘, 김태훈, 박인희 (2010). 예방행동의 결과를 얻는 시점에 따른 효과적인 설득 메시지 유형. 한국심리학회지: 소비자 · 광고, 11(3), 451-474.
이현희, 김은정, 이민규 (2003). 한국판 정적 정서 및 부적 정서 척도 (Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule: PANAS) 의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 22(4), 935-946.
조혜진, 권석만 (2011). 자기조절과 정서가 폭식행동에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 30(4), 963-983.
최성은, 최훈석 (2014). 사회적 불안 상황에서 시각조망과 해석 수준의 효과. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 19(1), 283-301.
한승희, 차운아 (2014). 손을 움켜쥐면 경제적 선택에 대한 인내심이 높아질까? 한국심리학회지: 소비자 · 광고, 15(1), 199-215.
Ainslie, G. (1975). Specious reward: a behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control. Psychological bulletin, 82(4), 463-496.
Ainslie, G., & Haslam, N. (1992). Hyperbolic discounting. In G. Loewenstein & J. Elster (Eds.), Self-control. Choice Over Time (pp. 177-209). New York: Russell Sage.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-5th Edition(DSM-5). Washington, DC: APA.
Angeletos, G. M., Laibson, D., Repetto, A., Tobacman, J., & Weinberg, S. (2001). The hyperbolic consumption model: Calibration, simulation, and empirical evaluation. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(3), 47-68.
Barkley, R. A., Edwards, G., Laneri, M., Fletcher, K., & Metevia, L. (2001). Executive functioning, temporal discounting, and sense of time in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(6), 541-556.
Baumeister, R. F. (1996). Self-regulation and ego threat: Motivated cognition, self deception, and destructive goal setting. In P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior (pp. 27-47). New York, US: Guilford Press.
Baumeister, R. F. (2002). Ego depletion and self-control failure: An energy model of the self's executive function. Self and Identity, 1(2), 129-136.
Bickel, W. K., & Marsch, L. A. (2001). Toward a behavioral economic understanding of drug depend ence: delay discounting processes. Addiction, 96(1), 73-86.
Bickel, W. K., Odum, A. L., & Madden, G. J. (1999). Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers. Psychopharmacology, 146(4), 447-454.
Bickel, W. K., Yi, R., Kowal, B. P., & Gatchalian, K. M. (2008). Cigarette smokers discount past and future rewards symmetrically and more than controls: Is discounting a measure of impulsivity? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 96(3), 256-262.
Critchfield, T. S., & Kollins, S. H. (2001). Temporal discounting: Basic research and the analysis of socially important behavior. Journal of applied behavior analysis, 34(1), 101-122.
Daugherty, J. R., & Brase, G. L. (2010). Taking time to be healthy: Predicting health behaviors with delay discounting and time perspective. Personality and Individual differences, 48(2), 202-207.
Epstein, L. H., Salvy, S. J., Carr, K. A., Dearing, K. K., & Bickel, W. K. (2010). Food reinforcement, delay discounting and obesity. Physiology & Behavior, 100(5), 438-445.
Förster, J., Friedman, R. S., & Liberman, N. (2004). Temporal construal effects on abstract and concrete thinking: consequences for insight and creative cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(2), 177-189.
Frederick, S., Loewenstein, G., & O'donoghue, T. (2002). Time discounting and time preference: A critical review. Journal of Economic Literature, 40(2), 351-401.
Freitas, A. L., Gollwitzer, P., & Trope, Y. (2004). The influence of abstract and concrete mindsets on anticipating and guiding others' self-regulatory efforts. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(6), 739-752.
Fujita, K. (2008). Seeing the forest beyond the trees: A construal‐level approach to self‐control. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(3), 1475-1496.
Fujita, K., & Carnevale, J. J. (2012). Transcending temptation through abstraction the role of construal level in self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(4), 248-252.
Fujita, K., & Han, H. A. (2009). Moving beyond deliberative control of impulses the effect of construal levels on evaluative associations in self-control conflicts. Psychological Science, 20(7), 799-804.
Fujita, K., Henderson, M. D., Eng, J., Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2006). Spatial distance and mental construal of social events. Psychological Science, 17(4), 278-282.
Green, L., Myerson, J., Lichtman, D., Rosen, S., & Fry, A. (1996). Temporal discounting in choice between delayed rewards: the role of age and income. Psychology and aging, 11(1), 79-84.
Hofmann, W., Baumeister, R. F., Förster, G., & Vohs, K. D. (2012). Everyday temptations: an experience sampling study of desire, conflict, and self-control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(6), 13-18.
Keough, K. A., Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Who's smoking, drinking, and using drugs? Time perspective as a predictor of substance use. Basic and applied social psychology, 21(2), 149-164.
Kirby, K. N. (1997). Bidding on the future: evidence against normative discounting of delayed rewards. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 126(1), 54-70.
Kirby, K. N., & Petry, N. M. (2004). Heroin and cocaine abusers have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than alcoholics or non‐drug‐using controls. Addiction, 99(4), 461-471.
Kirby, K. N., Petry, N. M., & Bickel, W. K. (1999). Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128(1), 78-87.
Kober, H., Kross, E. F., Mischel, W., Hart, C. L., & Ochsner, K. N. (2010). Regulation of craving by cognitive strategies in cigarette smokers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 106(1), 52-55.
Liberman, N., & Förster, J. (2009). Distancing from experienced self: how global-versus-local perception affects estimation of psychological distance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(2), 203-216.
Liberman, N., Sagristano, M. D., & Trope, Y. (2002). The effect of temporal distance on level of mental construal. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(6), 523-534.
Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (1998). The role of feasibility and desirability considerations in near and distant future decisions: A test of temporal construal theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 5-18.
Liberman, N., Trope, Y., McCrea, S. M., & Sherman, S. J. (2007). The effect of level of construal on the temporal distance of activity enactment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(1), 143-149.
Liu, L., Feng, T., Chen, J., & Li, H. (2013). The value of emotion: how does episodic prospection modulate delay discounting? PloS one, 8(11), e81717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081717에서 2016. 6. 9 자료 얻음.
Mazur, J. E. (1987). The effect of delay and of intervening events on reinforcement value. In M. L. Commons, J. E. Mazur, J. A. Nevin, & H. Rachlin (Eds.), Quantitative Analyses of Behavior (Vol. 5, pp. 55-73). New York: Psychology Press.
McClure, S. M., & Bickel, W. K. (2014). A dualsystems perspective on addiction: contributions from neuroimaging and cognitive training. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1327(1), 62-78.
McKerchar, T. L., Green, L., Myerson, J., Pickford, T. S., Hill, J. C., & Stout, S. C. (2009). A comparison of four models of delay discounting in humans. Behavioural Processes, 81(2), 256-259.
Mischel, W. (1961). Delay of gratification, need for achievement, and acquiescence in another culture. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62(3), 543-552.
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. I. (1989). Delay of gratification in children. Science, 244(4907), 933-938.
Petry, N. M. (2001). Delay discounting of money and alcohol in actively using alcoholics, currently abstinent alcoholics, and controls. Psychopharmacology, 154(3), 243-250.
Pronin, E., Olivola, C. Y., & Kennedy, K. A. (2008). Doing unto future selves as you would do unto others: Psychological distance and decision making. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(2), 224-236.
Radu, P. T., Yi, R., Bickel, W. K., Gross, J. J., & McClure, S. M. (2011). A mechanism for reducing delay discounting by altering temporal attention. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 96(3), 363-385.
Richards, J. B., Zhang, L., Mitchell, S. H., & Wit, H. (1999). Delay or probability discounting in a model of impulsive behavior: effect of alcohol. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 71(2), 121-143.
Samuelson, P. A. (1937). A note on measurement of utility. The Review of Economic Studies, 4(2), 155-161.
Shamosh, N. A., & Gray, J. R. (2007). The relation between fluid intelligence and self-regulatory depletion. Cognition and Emotion, 21(8), 1833-1843.
Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self‐control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 271-324.
Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2003). Temporal construal. Psychological Review, 110(3), 403-421.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
Weller, R. E., Cook, E. W., Avsar, K. B., & Cox, J. E. (2008). Obese women show greater delay discounting than healthy-weight women. Appetite, 51(3), 563-569.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations