The Korean Journal of Health Psychology
- KOREAN
- P-ISSN1229-070X
- E-ISSN2713-9581
- KCI
The Effect of Distraction on Depression: The Moderating Role of Flow
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine flow as a moderator of the relation between the conceptual elements of distraction and depression. The study clarified that the effect of distraction on depression would be increased when the flow level is higher in an individual. There were three hundred and twenty-six undergraduate students who participated in the study and who completed the following testing questionnaire: the Response Style Questionnaire(RSQ), Tellegen Absorption Scale(TAS), and The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) examinations. Afterwards, the hierarchical regression analyses was reviewed and studied, which indicated that the interaction effect of distraction and flow on depression is significant in an individual experiencing these components. Our study revealed that in the case where the flow level was considered high, the effect of distraction on depression was significant, while when the flow level was identified as low, there was no significant result. Finally, we conclude with the implications and the limitations of this study, and suggestions for future directions were discussed based on our results of the current study parameters.
- keywords
- Depression, distraction, flow, 우울 증상, 주의분산, 몰입
Reference
김수림, 김은정 (2015). 청소년을 대상으로 한 반응양식이론의 재개념화. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 20(1), 285-305.
김은정, 오경자 (1994). 우울 증상의 지속에 영향을 주는 인지 및 행동 요인들: 3개월 간 추적연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 13(1), 1-19.
김춘옥 (2014). 노인의 여가몰입이 삶의 질에 미치는 영향. 한국복지실천학회지, 6(2), 77-99.
박근수, 유태용 (2007). 일 몰입의 선행변인 및 결과변인에 관한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 20(3), 219-251.
배현주, 양난미 (2013). 부적응적/적응적 완벽주의가 고등학생의 우울감에 미치는 영향: 몰입과 통제의 매개효과. 상담학연구, 14(4), 2253-2270.
유영달 (2004). 몰입감이 시험상황에서 정신건강에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 9(1), 219-242.
장훈 (2001). 몰입경험과 심리적 적응지표의 관계와 관한 연구: 인터넷 활동 중심으로. 고려대학교 석사학위 청구논문.
장훈 (2010). 상호작용 맥락에서 몰입의 기능 : 중요타인과의 관계를 중심으로. 고려대학교 박사학위 청구논문.
장훈, 김우정, 이애리, 허태균 (2012). 관찰을 통한 몰입이 가능한가? 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 26(4), 31-49.
전겸구, 최상진, 양병창 (2001). 통합적 한국판 CES-D 개발. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 6(1), 59-76.
Abela, J., Aydin, C., & Auerbach, R. (2007). Responses to Depression in Children: Reconceptualizing the Relation Among Response Styles. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(6), 913-927.
Abela, J., Brozina, K., & Haigh, E. (2002). An examination of the Response Styles Theory of depression in third and seventh grade children: A short term longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(5), 515-527.
Abela, J., Vanderbilt, E., & Rochon, A. (2004). A Test of the Integration of the Response Styles and Social Support Theories of Depression in Third and Seventh Grade Children. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(5), 653-674.
Adlai-Gail, W. (1994). Exploring the autotelic personality (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Chicago, Illinois.
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The Moderator-Mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Butler, L., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1994). Gender differences in responses to depressed mood in a college sample. SexRoles, 30(5), 331-346.
Carli, M., Delle Fave, A., & Masimini, F. (1988). The quality of experience in the flow channels: comparison of Italian and U.S. students. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. S. Cskiszentmihalyi (Eds.). Optimal experience: Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness (pp. 288-306). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Finding flow. New York: HarperCollins.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2007). 몰입, 미치도록 행복한 나를 만난다 (최인수 역). 서울: 한울림. (원전은 2004에 출판).
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Hunter, J. (2003). Happiness in everyday life: The uses of experience sampling. Journal of Happiness Studies, 4(2), 185-199.
Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004) Testing Moderator and Mediator Effects in Counseling Psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 115-134.
Gotlib, I. H., & Hammen, C. L. (2002). Handbook of Depression. New York: Guilford Press.
Hayes, S., Wilson, K., Gifford, E., Follette, V., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1152-1168.
Hills, P., Argyle, M., & Reeves, R. (2000). Individual differences in leisure satisfactions: an investigation of four theories of leisure motivation. Personality and Individual Differences, 28(4), 763-779.
Hilt, L., Mclaughlin, K., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). Examination of the Response Styles Theory in a Community Sample of Young Adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(4), 1-12.
Ishikawa, H., Mieda, T., Oshio, A., & Koshikawa, F. (2017). The Relationship Between Decentering and Adaptiveness of Response Styles in Reducing Depression. Mindfulness, 1-8.
Just, N., & Alloy, L. (1997). The response styles theory of depression: Tests and an extension of the theory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106(2), 221-229.
Kazdin, A. E., & Weisz, J. R. (2003). Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents. New York: Guilford Press.
Li, C., DiGiuseppe, R., & Froh, J. (2006). The roles of sex, gender, and coping in adolescent depression. Adolescence, 41(163), 409-415.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1993). Self-Perpetuating Properties of Dysphoric Rumination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 339-349.
Morrow, J., Fredrickson, B., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1990, August). Responses to depressive symptoms: Development of a response styles questionnaire. Paper presented at the 98th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Boston.
Morrow, J., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1990). Effects of responses to depression on the remediation of depressive affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(3), 519-527.
Mosing, M. A., Butkovic, A., Ullen, F. (2018). Can flow experiences be protective of work-related depressive symptoms and burnout? A genetically informative approach. Journal of Affective Disorders, 226, 6-11.
Muris, P., Roelofs, J., Meesters, C., & Boomsma, P. (2004). Rumination and worry in nonclinical adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28(4), 539-554.
Nakamura, J. (1988). Optimal experience and the use of talent. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. S. Cskiszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness. (pp. 319-326). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1987). Sex differences in unipolar depression: evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2), 259-282.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(4), 569-582.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 115-121.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1993). Effects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood. Cognition and Emotion, 7(6), 561-570.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Morrow, J., & Fredrickson, B. (1993). Response styles and the duration of episodes of deperssed mood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102(1), 20-28.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400-424.
Odou, N., & Brinker, J. (2015). Self-compassion, a better alternative to rumination than distraction as a response to negative mood. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(5), 447-457.
Patall, E. A., Cooper, A., & Robinson, J. C. (2008). The Effects of Choice on Intrinsic Motivation and Related Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis of Research Findings. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 270-300.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale, A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.
Rood, L., Roelofs, J., Bogels, S. M., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schouten, E. (2009). The influence of emotion-focused rumination and distraction on depressive symptoms in non-clinical youth: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(7), 607-616.
Schwartz, J., & Koenig, L. (1996). Response styles and negative affect among adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20(1), 13-36.
Seligman, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14.
Teismann, T., Michalak, J., Wilutzki, U., & Schulte, D. (2012). Influence of Rumination and Distraction on the Therapeutic Process in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(1), 15-24.
Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., Goldbacher, E., Green, H., Miller, C., & Philip, S. (2003). Predicting the subjective experience of intrinsic motivation: The role of self-determination, the balance of challenge and skills, and self-realization values. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(11), 1447-1458.
Wells, A. J. (1988). Self-esteem and optimal experience. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. S. Cskiszentmihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness (pp. 327-341). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Wenzlaff, R. M., Wegner, D. M., & Roper, D. W. (1988). Depression and mental control: The resurgence of unwanted negative thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Pshchology, 55(6), 882-892.
Williams, T. A., Friedman, R. J., & Secunda, S. K. (1970). The depressive illness. Washington, DC: National Institute of Mental Health.
Ziegert, D., & Kistner, J. (2002). Response Styles Theory: Downward extension to children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(3), 325-334.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations