The Korean Journal of Health Psychology
- Log In/Sign Up
- KOREAN
- P-ISSN1229-070X
- E-ISSN2713-9581
- KCI
A Latent Class Analysis of Emotional Approach Coping, Ambivalence Over Emotional Expressiveness and Differences in Psychological Adaptation
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the number of latent classes based on emotional processing, emotional expression, and ambivalence over emotional expressiveness. We also defined the characteristics of each latent class and examined the differences in psychological adaptation according to latent classes. A total of 223 university and graduate students participated in this study. Firstly, the study participants were classified by four latent classes: “average emotional approach coping group”, “active emotional approach coping group”, “passive emotional expression coping group”, and “avoidant emotional approach coping group”. Second, psychological adaptation was the best in the “active emotional approach coping group” with low level of depression and anxiety and high level of life satisfaction and psychological acceptance. The “avoidant emotional approach coping group” which had the lowest level of emotional processing and emotional expression level and the highest level of ambivalence over emotional expressiveness showed the most psychologically maladaptive condition. Conversely, in the case of the “passive emotional expressive coping group”, emotional processing was similar to the average level, but the ambivalence over emotional expressiveness was high and the level of emotional expression was low so that the degree of psychological maladjustment was at the level of the “avoidant emotional approach coping group”. The results of this study suggest that encouraging emotional approach coping in psychotherapeutic practices can contribute to improvement of the psychological adaptation level. Limitations, implications, and future directions of this study are discussed.
- keywords
- 정서접근적 대처, 정서표현양가성, 우울, 불안, 삶의 만족도, 잠재계층분석, emotional approach coping, ambivalence over emotional expressiveness, depression, anxiety, life satisfaction, latent class analysis
Reference
강성록, 양재원 (2015). 정서접근적 대처 척도의 타당화예비연구. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34(2), 455-475.
김현주, 홍혜영 (2013). 고등학생의 내면화된 수치심이청소년 우울에 미치는 영향. 청소년학연구, 20(12), 181-209.
문현미 (2006). 심리적 수용 촉진 프로그램의 개발효과:수용-전념 치료 모델을 중심으로. 가톨릭대학교 박사학위 청구논문.
신재은, 이태헌, 윤소진 (2017). Bifactor 모형을 적용한CES-D 척도의 요인구조 검증. 스트레스연구, 25(4), 272-278.
임낭연, 이화령, 서은국 (2010). 한국에서의 Diener의 삶의 만족 척도 사용 연구 개관. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 29(1), 21-47.
장정주, 김정모 (2008). 정서적 자각, 표현 및 정서표현에 대한 양가성과 대인관계간의 관계에 대한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 20(3), 697-714.
조맹제, 김계희(1993). 主要憂鬱症환자 예비평가에서 the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D)진단적 타당성 연구. 신경정신의학, 32(3), 381-199
최해연, 민경환 (2007). 한국판 정서표현에 대한 양가성척도의 타당화 및 억제 개념들 간의 비교 연구. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 21(4), 71-89.
최해연, 이동귀, 민경환 (2008). 정서강도, 정서주의, 정서명료성 및 정서표현양가성의 군집과 심리적 적응의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 22(4), 59-73.
한덕웅, 이장호, 전겸구(2000). 상태특성불안검사(STAIKYZ형). 서울: 학지사.
한성열, 허태균, 김동직, 채정민 (2001). 스트레스상황특성에 따른 적응적인 대처양식. 한국심리학회지:건강, 6(2), 123-143.
허재홍 (2014). 대학생의 부정정서가 안녕감에 미치는 영향. 사회과학연구, 25(3), 225-244.
허재홍, 최명식, 진현정 (2009). 한국어판 수용-행동 질문지 2 신뢰도 및 타당도 연구. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 21(4), 861-878.
Aldwin, C. M. (1993). Coping with traumatic stress. PTSD Research Quarterly, 4(3), 1-6.
Aldwin, C. M. (1994). Stress, coping, and development. New York: The Guilford Press.
Austenfeld, J. L., & Stanton, A. L. (2004). Coping through emotional approach: A new look at emotion, coping, and health-related outcomes. Journal of Personality, 72(6), 1335-1363.
Baker, J. P., & Berenbaum, H. (2007). Emotional approach and problem-focused coping: A comparison of potentially adaptive strategies. Cognition and Emotion, 21(1), 95-118.
Berghuis, J. P., & Stanton, A. L. (2002). Adjustment to a dyadic stressor: A longitudinal study of coping and depressive symptoms in infertile couples over an insemination attempt. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(2), 433-438.
Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K., Waltz, T., & Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 676-688.
Brody, L. R. (1997). Gender and emotion: Beyond stereotypes, Journal of Social Issues, 53(2), 369-393.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
Emmons, R. A., & Colby, P. (1995). Emotional conflict and well-being: Relation to perceived availability, daily utilization and observer reports of social support. Journal of Personality and Psychology, 68(5), 947-959.
Emmons, R. A., & Kaiser (1995). Goal orientation and emotional well-being : Linking goals and affect through the self. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), Striving and feeling: Interactions among goals, affect, and self-regulation (pp. 79-98). Hillsdale, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21(3), 219-239.
Frijda, N. H. (1986). The Emotions. UK: Cambridge University Press.
Gomez, R., & McLaren, S. (2015). The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale: Support for a bifactor model with dominant general factor and a specific factor for positive affect. Assessment, 22(3), 351-360.
Greenberg, L. S., & Paivio, S. C. (2008). 심리치료에서 정서를 어떻게 다룰 것인가. (이흥표 역). 서울: 학지사. (원전은 2003에 출판)
Greenberg, L, S., & Watson, J. C. (2006). Emotion-focused therapy for depression. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Greenglass, E. R. (1993). The contribution of social support to coping strategies. Applied Psychology:An International Review, 42(4), 323-340.
Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B,, Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, process and outcomes. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 44(1), 1-25.
Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders : A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1152-1168.
Joseph, S., Williams, R., Irwing, P., & Cammock, T. (1994) The preliminary development of a measure to assess attitudes towards emotional expression. Personality and Individual Differences, 16(6), 869-875.
Kennedy-Moor, E., & Watson J. C. (2001). How and when does emotional expression help? Review of General Psychology, 5(3), 187-212.
King, L. A., & Emmons, R. A. (1990). Conflict over emotional expression: Psychological and physical correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(5), 864-877.
Krantz, S. E., & Moos, R. H. (1987). Functioning and life context among spouses of remitted and nonremitted depressed patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(3), 353-360.
Kashdan T. B., Barrios, V., Forsyth, J. P., & Steger M. F. (2006). Experiential avoidance as a generalized psychological vulnerability:Comparisons with coping and emotion regulation strategies. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 44(9), 1301–1320.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
Littrell, J., & Beck, E. (2001). Predictors of depression in a sample of African-American homeless men:Identifying effective coping strategies given varying levels of daily stressors. Community Mental Health Journal, 37(1), 15-29.
Lo, Y., Mendell, N. R., & Rubin, D. B. (2001). Testing the number of components in a normal mixture. Biometrika, 88(3), 767-778.
Lynch, T. R., Chapman, A. L., Rosenthal, M. Z., Kuo, J. R., & Linehan, M. M. (2006). Mechanisms of change in dialectical behavior therapy: Theoretical and empirical observations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(4), 459-480.
Magidson, J., & Vermunt, J. (2002). Latent class models for clustering: A comparison with K-means. Canadian Journal of Marketing Research, 20(1), 37-44.
Marques, L., Kaufman, R. E., LeBeau, R. T., Moshier, S. J., Otto, M. W., Pollack, M. H., & Simon, N. M. (2009). A comparison of Emotional Approach Coping (EAC) between individuals with anxiety disorders and nonanxious controls. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 15(2), 100-106.
Morin, A. J., Morizot, J., Boudrias, J. S., & Madore, I. (2011). A multifoci person-centered perspective on workplace affective commitment: A latent profile/factor mixture analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 14(1), 58-90.
Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthẻn, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A monte carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(4), 535-569.
Pennebaker, J. W. (1985). Traumatic experience and psychsomatic disease: Exploring the roles of behavioral inhibition, obsession, and confiding. Canadian Psychology, 26(2), 82-95.
Pennebaker, J. W., Barger, S. D., & Tiebout. (1989). Disclosure of traumas and health among Holocaust survivors. Psychosomatic Medicine, 51(5), 577-589.
Roth, S., & Cohen, L. (1986). Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress. American Psychologist, 41(7), 813-819.
Smith, J. A., Lumley, M. A., & Longo, D. J. (2002). Contrasting emotional approach coping with passive coping for chronic myofascial pain. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24(4), 326-335.
Spielberger, C. D. (1985). Assessment of state and trait anxiety: Conceptual and methodological issues. The Southern Psychologist, 2(4), 6-16.
Stanton, A. L. (2011). Regulating emotions during stressful experiences: The adaptive utility of coping through emotional approach. In S. Folkman & P. E. Nathan (Eds.), The oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping (pp. 369-386). UK: Oxford University Press.
Stanton, A. L., Danoff-Burg, S., Cameron, C. L., Bishop, M. M., Collins, C. A., & Kirk, S. et al. (2000a). Emotionally expressive coping predicts psychological and physical adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 875-882.
Stanton, A. L., Kirk, S. B., Cameron, C. L., & Danoff-Burg, S. (2000b). Coping through emotional approach: Scale construction and validation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(6), 1150-1169.
Stallard, P., Velleman, R., Langsford, J., & Bladwin, S. (2001). Coping and psychological distress in children involved in road traffic accidents, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40(2), 197-208.
Tofighi, D., & Enders, C. K. (2008). Identifying the correct number of classes in growth mixture models. In G. R. Hancock & K. M. Samuelsen (Eds.), Advances in latent variable mixture models (pp. 317-341). Charlotte, NC: Information Age.
Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 25-52.
Totan, T., Doğan, T., & Sapmaz, F. (2013). Emotional self-efficacy, emotional empathy and emotional approach coping as sources of happiness. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 8(2), 247-256.
Tull, M. T., Gratz, K. L., & Lacroce, D. M. (2006). The role of anxiety sensitivity and lack of emotional approach coping in depressive symptom severity among a non-clinical sample of uncued panickers. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 35(2), 74-87.
Whelton, W. J. (2004). Emotional processes in psychotherapy: Evidence across therapeutic modalities. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 11(1), 58-71.
Zeman, J., & Garber, J. (1996). Display rules for anger, sadness, and pain: It depends on who is watching. Child Development, 67(3), 957-973.
Zeman, J., & Shipman, K. (1997). Social-contextual influences on expect ancies for managing anger and sadness: The transition from middle childhood to adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 33(6), 917-924.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations