Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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ISSN : 1229-0653
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Vol.14 No.2
Abstract
The present study examined the use and effectiveness of various emotion regulation strategies. Study 1 supported our suggestion that emotion regulation strategies would be divided into three styles: active regulation style, avoidant/distractive regulation style, and support-seeking regulation style. These three styles were differently related to several personal characteristics, such as self-esteem, generalized expectancies for negative emotion regulation, introversion-extraversion, neuroticism, optimism, emotional support, and emotional expressivity. In study 2, we examined whether the use and effectiveness of each emotion regulation style depended on the kind of emotion experienced. The results showed that the use of the three emotion regulation styles had different patterns for anger, sadness, anxiety, and shame. In addition, we found that frequently used regulation styles were not necessarily effective ones.
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of the rater's interpersonal affect towards the ratee on rater's information processing of ratee performance and his/her performance appraisal. This study investigated whether the rater's affect of the ratee will bias his/her interpretation of the meaning of the ratee's performance behavior, his/her retrieval and recognition, and performance appraisal, and whether such bias is caused by selective processing of the affect-consistent information. In addition, it examined the difference between the positive and negative affect in the pattern of selective processing. The results indicated that the rater makes more positive appraisal, and more positive interpretation of the ratee, provided with the same number and same level of performance informations, in case of having positive affect towards the ratee than in case of having negative affect, and, the rater retrieves more the ratee's good performance than his/her poor performance. In differentiated processing of affect-consistent information and affect-inconsistent information, when the rater has positive affect towards the ratee, selective processing of affect-consistent information appeared clearly. However, in case the rater has negative affect towards the ratee, selective processing of affect-consistent information did not occur. Therefore, this study showed that the rater's affect towards the ratee not only makes biased performance appraisal but also makes systematically biased the interpretation and memory of the ratee's performance behavior. These biases are caused by selective processing of affect-consistent information in the case of the positive affect condition.
Abstract
This literature review introduced the area of emotionality engineering and analyzed which traditional viewpoints of emotional psychology, measurement methods of emotionality, newly developed, belonged to. In order to relate these new measurement techniques to emotional theories, the definition of human emotion was first reviewed. Psychologists advocated there must be various facets of human emotion. At first, outside emotional stimuli would activate physiological reactivity. Then, this emotional input which is registered would be cognitively appraised at a higher mental activity level. This processed internal information would then be released as a particular form of expression. As explained, the emotional process is not so simple and is not only composed of one layer. This characteristic stimulated various trials to assess emotional states of perceivers. From the old tradition of human research, peripheral neural activity has been measured. Brain activity, galvanic skin resistance, impulse, heart rate, respiration rate and hormonal activity have been measured. However, the most serious problem of these measures was the stability of measurement indices. Although engineers are developing a new algorithm, it doesn`t seem easy to find out consistency among these indices. Also, another problem is whether the subjective emotional experience of individuals is congruent to what a physiological measurement tool reflects. Traditionally, psychological test batteries have been regarded to present a subjective emotional state more effectively. Several assessment tools and their statistical characteristics have been introduced. However, these batteries also have their own weaknesses. These self-report assessment tools cannot be free from response biases. The worst response bias is the so-called "social desirability". Unobtrusive measures would be a substitute for self-report instruments. Therefore, newly developed unobtrusive measurement tools have been introduced, to assess movement of facial muscles and voice fluctuation. Finally, the desirable way to apply these various emotional measures was discussed.
Abstract
This study examined the intergroup discrimination in a minimal group situation in terms of the proportion of group members possessing positive and negative attributes, group means on those attributes, group variances on those attributes and linguistic intergroup biases and their relationships. The results of this study showed intergroup discriminations in favor of in-group on group proportions of positive attributes, group means of negative attributes and linguistic biases on negative attributes, but they did not show intergroup discrimination on group homogeneity. Subjects estimated that a higher percent of in-group members possessed positive attributes, but a higher percent of out-group members did negative attributes. However, out-group means for negative attributes were estimated higher than in-group means, but not for positive attributes. In addition, subjects stated more abstractly of the in-group members' behaviors than out-group members' on negative attributes, but not on positive attributes. These results support the hypothesis based on the normative explanation of group discrimination that there is a positive-negative asymmetry in the percent (explicit measure of group discrimination), but not in the means and linguistic intergroup discrimination(implicit measures). However, the results did not support either linear or curvilinear relationships among the perception of group variability and intergroup discrimination.
Abstract
The Korean culture has been influenced heavily by the Confucian philosophy past 6 to 7 centuries, so it has strong characteristics of collectivism. Thus to understand the distinctive features of the motivation of Korean people, it is needed to review the cross-cultural studies on motivation and the Confucian theory of human motivation. From the review of the massive articles concerning cultural influences on motivations, it was found that cultural views of person in general and the self as independent, separate and autonomous being, predominant in the individualistic cultures, or as interdependent and relational being, predominant in the collectivist cultures, foster and encourage cross-culturally divergent needs and incentives. In individualistic cultures, self-directed motive, individually oriented achievement motive, motive to control environment, self-enhancement motive and consistency motive are relatively salient; but in collectivist cultures, other-directed motive, socially oriented achievement motive, motive to control internal desires, self-criticism motive and conformity motive are relatively dominant. On the while, the Confucian philosophers thought of human needs and motives largely as follows : (1) the motive for being a man of virtue is the topmost and central in the motive repertoire, (2) the biological and egoistic motives should be temperated to secure the harmony of social life, and (3) the control of lower motives (biological and egoistic motives) is the way to sublimate the motives, which is the goal of human life. On the basis of these two branches of reviews, a preliminary conceptual framework to understand the characteristic features of the motivations of Korean people was proposed and discussed.
Abstract
Cultural psychological studies are not to replace the experimental psychology, but to compensate for what has been poorly dealt with in psychology. Because of misconception about the role of cultural psychology(CP), many psychologists are shy away from it. In order to rectify this anomaly, we tried to clarify the role and the research epistemology of CP in relation to other psychological studies. Along with the discussion, we identified three distinctive traditions of research in CP; the Vygotskian socio-cultural approach, the discursive approach, and the culture & cognition approach. We discussed four research methods applicable in CP: experimental approach, social representational approach, discursive approach, and socio-cultural approach. Although experimental approach is legitimate in CP, some transformationary work is necessary. We emphasized that stimuli and response should be contextualized and culturally meaningful and that indigeneous conceptualizations should take place. For the purpose of comparing cultures, we proposed the comparative cultural psychology to replace the cross-cultural psychology to minimize ethnocentrism.
Abstract
The well known Four-Seven debates of neo-confucianism during the Chosun dynasty contain many psychological theories of emotion. In this article the empirically testable psychological hypothesis were derived from the debates among Toegye, Kobong, Yulgok and Ugae. The derived hypotheses were verified through 5 experimental studies. Theses studies dealt with the semantic associations, differences in the judgement of good-evil dimension in terms of personal and communal good-bad, and mutual inclusiveness among the four beginnings and the seven emotions. The main results revealed that the four beginnings and the seven emotions consisted of two dimensions with minor exceptions. It was also found that the four beginnings were rated on the average as good compared with the seven emtions, though there were exceptions of shame and disgust as bad among the four beginnings, and love as good among the seven emotions. The inclusiveness hypothesis, which was proposed by Yulgok, was partly supported. The suggestions for future study were discussed.
Abstract
Differential performance evaluations among subgroup members were tested in two experiments. Three variables of group membership, evaluation method, and publicity of evaluation were introduced in experiment 1, and group membership and outcome dependency were manipulated to explore any possibility of reducing intergroup bias in experiment 2. Core members' outcome was overestimated and peripheral members' greater deviation was confirmed in both experiments. Also, overestimation of peripheral members was significant in absolute evaluation and private condition in experiment 1. Core members' outcome was significantly biased and greater deviancy noticed among peripheral members in outcome dependence situation. But there was no comparable tendency in outcome independence situation in experiment 2. Overestimation among peripheral members was explained as a getting instrumental basking in the reflected glory by identifying core members. Some conditions, which could reduce intergroup bias when evaluating in/out groups' performance were suggested.