ISSN : 1229-0653
우리나라에서는 최근 정신감정에 의뢰된 범죄자들의 수가 증가하고 있는 실정이며, 형사 책임의 회피 또는 형의 감경을 위하여 꾀병(malingering)을 시도하는 경우도 증가하고 있는 것으로 보인다. 법정 장면에서 이러한 이차적인 이득을 얻기 위한 범죄자들의 꾀병을 탐지하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 정신감정이 의뢰된 범죄자들 중에서 정상으로 판단된 집단과 정신분열병으로 진단된 집단, 행동장애(인격장애, 성관련장애를 포함하여)로 진단된 집단을 비교하였는데, 특히 이들 세 집단의 인구통계학적, 심리적 특성(MMPI-2, SCL-90-R)을 포함하여, 인지기능, 범죄유형별 차이를 알아보았다. 그 결과, 세 집단 간 인지기능의 차이는 유의하지 않았고, 과거 병력 여부, 과거 정신감정 여부, 동종전과 횟수, 기타 전과 횟수, 범죄 유형, 범행 당시 음주상태 여부, MMPI-2, SCL-90-R 척도에서 유의한 차이가 있었다. 정신감정에서 정신분열병 진단을 받은 범죄자에 비해 정상으로 판단된 집단과 행동장애 진단을 받은 집단이 정신병리적 증상을 더 많이 호소하여 꾀병의 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 꾀병 가능성 면에서 실제 정신분열병 집단을 정상집단과 행동장애집단으로부터 구별하는 F척도와 F-K지수의 예측 절단점을 알아보기 위하여 ROC분석을 실시하였는데, F척도는 73점, F-K지수는 22점이 가장 잘 변별하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 민감도는 높은 수준이 아닌 것으로 나타나 MMPI-2검사 타당도척도들이 꾀병 판별에 제한적 유용성이 있어 보이며, 정신감정 장면에서 보다 짧은 시간에 효율적으로 실시할 수 있는 정교하고 민감한 꾀병 판별 도구 개발의 필요성이 시사된다.
The number of offenders who are referred for pre-trial forensic psychological evaluation has increased, and there is greater need to rule out malingering among these referrals. Malingering is defined as intentional exaggeration of symptoms in order to avoid their criminal responsibility. This study compared three groups of offenders based upon results from forensic psychological evaluation:normal group, schizophrenia group, and behavior disorder group including personality disorder and sex-related disorders. Significant differences were found among the groups in their MMPI-2 and SCL-90-R scores, types of offenses, recidivism, and other demographical backgrounds. Normal group and behavior disorder group scored significantly higher than schizophrenia group in scales of psychopathology, which supported possibility of malingering. In order to differentiate schizophrenia group from the other groups in terms of malingering possibility, ROC was utilized to F scale and F-K score, which indicated these two scales had sensitivity to detect malingering not high enough to be independently utilized in forensic psychological evaluations. It was suggested that more brief, efficient, and sensitive malingering detection measures should be developed and utilized.
현암사 편집부, (2000) 도해 법률용어사전, 현암사
유제민 ; 정애자 ; 정상근 ; 김용희, (2004) 꾀병척도의 타당도 연구: 경도 두부손상 환자를 중심으로, 한국심리학회지 임상
김중술, (2005) 다면적인성검사 II(MMPI-2) 매뉴얼, 마음사랑
박지선 ; 이민규, (2003) 정신감정이 의뢰된 범죄자들의 MMPI 프로파일 양상 예비연구, 한국심리학회지 임상
염태호, (1992) K-WAIS 실시 요강, 한국가이던스
American Psychiatric Association, (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Washington, DC
Arbisi, P.A., (1998) The ability of MMPI-2 validity scales to detect fake-bad responses in psychiatric inpatients, Psychological Assessment
Bagby, R., (1994) Malingered and defensive response style on the MMPI-2:an examination of validity scales in a forensic population, Journal of Personality Assessment
Bagby, R.M., (1997) Detecting feigned depression and schizophrenia on the MMPI-2 validity indicators in the detection of defensive responding in clinical and non-clinical samples, Journal of Personality Assessment
Berry, D.T.R., (1996) Detection of a cry for help on the MMPI-2:an analog investigation, Journal of Personality Assessment
Berry, D.T.R., (1991) Detection of malingering on the MMPI:a meta- analysis, Clinical Psychology Review
Bury, A.S., (2002) The detection of feigned uncoached and coached post-traumatic stress disorder with the MMPI-2 in a sample of workplace accident victims, Psychological Assess- ment
Carson, R.C., (1969) Interpretive manual to the MMPI in : Research developments and clinical applications, McGraw-Hill
Gallagher, R.W., (1997) Detection of malingering at the time of intake in a correctional setting with the MMPI-2 validity scales. Unpublished doctoral dis- sertation, Kent State University, Kent, OH,
Gold, P.B., (1998) Compensation-seeking and extreme exaggeration of psychopathology among combat veterans evaluated for posttraumatic stress disorder, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
Graham, J. R., (2006) Assessing personality and psy- chopathology, Oxford University Press
Green, C.M., (1981) Matricide by sons, Medicine Science and the Law
Hawk, G.L., (1989) MMPI profiles of malingerers diagnosed in pretrial forensic evaluations, Journal of Clinical Psychology
Lim, J., (2000) Detection of overreporting on the MMPI- 2:differentiation between faking bad and cry for help, Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology
Nicholson, R.A., (1997) Utility of MMPI-2 indicators of response distortion:receiver operating characteristics analysis, Psy- chological Assessment
Rogers, R., (2003) Evaluation of malingering and deception in : Handbook of psychology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Rogers, R., (2003) Detection of feigned mental disorders:a meta-analysis of the MMPI-2 and malingering, Assessment
Rogers, R., (1994) Feigning among chronic outpatients on the MMPI-2, Psy- chological Assessment
Roman, D.D., (1990) Evaluating MMPI validity in a forensic psychiatric population:distinguishing between malingering and genuine psychopathology, Criminal Justice and Behavior
Schretlen, D.J., (1988) The use of psychological tests to identify malingered symptoms of mental disorder, Clinical Psychology Review
Spry, W.B., (1984) Schizophrenia and crime in : Mentally Abnormal Offenders, Baillieve Tindall
Wetter, M.W., (1996) Faking specific disorders and temporal response consistency on the MMPI-2, Psychological Assessment
Wygant, D. B., (2007) The relation between symptom validity testing and MMPI-2 scores as a function of forensic evaluation context, Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology