ISSN : 1229-0653
청소년기 행복이 학업 성취의 측면에서 어떠한 결과를 산출하는지 파악하기 위해서 두 개의 종단 자료를 분석했다. 그 결과, 중학교 2학년 시기에 행복한 청소년은 4년이 지난 후 고등학교 3학년이 되었을 때 학업성적이 더 높았고, 고3때 행복한 청소년은 대학생이 되었을 때 학업 적응과 목표달성도가 높았다. 더욱이 중2때 행복은 중2 성적, 사교육(사교육 시간과 비용), 부모의 사회경제적 지위(부모 학력과 수입)를 통제해도 여전히 고3 성적을 예측했다. 반면에 사교육과 부모의 사회경제적 지위는 중2 성적이 통제되면 고3 성적을 설명하지 못했다. 끝으로 고3 성적은 행복의 초기값 뿐 아니라 변화율의 영향을 받았다. 구체적으로 중2에서 고2까지 행복은 평균적으로 감소하는 추세였으나 이 시기에 행복이 적게 감소한 학생들이 고3이 되었을 때 학업성적이 더 높았다. 이러한 결과는 학업적 성취와 적응이 청소년기 행복을 형성하는 중요한 근원일 뿐 아니라 행복에 의해서 생겨나는 바람직한 결과일 수 있음을 시사한다.
Whether happiness leads to better academic performance was examined in two longitudinal data sets in Korea. We found that the academic performance of happy middle school students, both on self-reported and objective school ranking measures, was superior 4 years later in high school than their less happy peers (Study 1). This result held, even after controlling for initial academic grades, amount of time/money spent on private tutoring,and parental socio-economic status. Also, the rate of happiness change significantly predicted the level of high school academic performance. In Study 2, we found that happy high school seniors showed higher levels of academic adjustment and goal attainment once they entered college. In short, both on objective and subjective measures of academic success, happy students fared better than less happy students even in highly competitive academic environments, such as Korea.
구재선 (2009). 행복은 심리적 자원을 형성하는가. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 23, 165-179.
구재선, 이아롱, 서은국 (2009). 행복의 사회적 기능: 행복한 사람이 인기가 있나? 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 15, 29-47.
권순미 (2008). 성취도에 따른 고등학생과 부모의 행복에 대한 토착심리 분석. 인하대학교 석사학위논문
김은주 (2010). 행복한 아이가 공부도 잘한다. 제3회 청심교육포럼 자료집.
김은주, 박해정, 김주환 (2010). 교육에서의 긍정적 감성의 역할. 감성과학, 13, 225-234.
김진주, 구자영, 허성용, 서은국 (2007). 정서 경험의 긍정성 비율과 번영. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 21, 89-100.
박광배 (1999). 변량분석과 회귀분석. 서울: 학지사.
박종일, 박찬웅, 서효정, 염유식 (2010). 한국 어린이-청소년 행복지수 연구와 국제비교. 한국사회학, 44, 121-154.
박희석 (2007). 대학생활 적응척도의 요인구조 분석: 관광관련 전공 대학생을 중심으로. 2007인천 국제관광 학술대회 자료집, pp. 346-360.
신민희, 구재선(2010). 행복과 창의력의 관계: 행복한 사람이 더 창의적이다. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 24, 37-51.
이기범 (2009). 한국의 교육문화와 아동·청소년의 행복. 한국청소년연구, 20, 365-392.
임낭연, 이화령, 서은국(2010). 한국에서의 Diener의 삶의 만족 척도(Satisfaction with Life Scale: SWLS) 사용 연구 개관. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 29, 21-47.
전경숙, 정태연, 황빙의 (2008). 청소년세대와 부모세대간 행복의 비교. 한국심리학회 연차학술대회 논문집, pp. 208-209.
Ambady, N., & Gray, H. M. (2002). On being sad and mistaken: Mood effects on the accuracy of thin-slice judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 947-961.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerging, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.
Ashby, F. G., Isen, A. M., & Turken, A. U. (1999). A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition. Psychological Review, 106, 529-550.
Diehl, M., Hay, E. L., & Berg, K. M. (2011). The ratio between positive and negative affect and flourishing mental health across adulthood. Aging and Mental Health, 15, 882-893.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 193, 542-575.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
Diener, E., Scollon, C. N. & Lucas, R. E. (2003). The evolving concept of subjective well-being: The multifaceted nature of happiness. Advances in Cell Aging and Gerontology, 13, 187-219.
Diener, E. & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13, 81-84.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Kim-Prieto, C., Biswas-Diener, R., & Tay, L. S. (2010). Unhappiness in South Korea: Why it is high and what might be done about it. 한국심리학회 연차학술대회 자료집, pp. 1-23.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302.
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi. D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2009). New measures of well-being: Flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 39, 247-266.
Erez, A., & Isen, A. M. (2002). The influence of positive affect on the components of expectancy motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 1055-1067.
Estrada, C. A., Isen, A. M. & Young, M. J. (1997). Positive affect facilitates integration of information and decreases anchoring in reasoning among physicians. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 72, 117-135.
Forgas, J. P. (2007). When sad is better than happy: Negative affect can improve the quality and effectiveness of persuasive messages and social influence strategies. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 513-528.
Friedman, E. T., Schwartz, R. M., & Haaga, D. A. F. (2002). Are the very happy too happy? Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 355-372.
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300-319.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 313-332.
Fredrickson, B. L. & Losada, M. F. (2005). Positive affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing. American Psychologist, 60, 678-686.
Grant, A. M. & Schwartz, B. (2011). Too much of a good thing: The challenge and opportunity of the Inverted U. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 61-76.
Gruber, J., Mauss, I. B. & Tamir, M., (2011). A dark side of happiness? How, when, and why happiness is not always good. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 222-233.
Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A. (1984). The influence of affect on categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1206-1217.
Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1122-1131.
Isen, A. M., Johnson, M. M., Mertz, E., & Robinson, G. F. (1985). The influence of positive affect on the unusualness of word associations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1413-1426.
Isen, A. M., & Reeve, J. (2005). The influence of positive affect on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: Facilitating enjoyment of play, responsible work behavior, and self-control. Motivation and Emotion, 29, 297-325.
Losada, M. & Heaphy, E. (2004). The role of positivity and connectivity in the performance of business teams. American Behavioral Scientist, 47, 740-765.
Lyubomirsky, S., Boehm, J. K., Kasri, F., & Zehm, K. (2011). The Cognitive and Hedonic Costs of Dwelling on Achievement-Related Negative Experiences: Implications for Enduring Happiness and Unhappiness. Emotion, 11, 1152-1167.
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803-855.
Melton, R. J. (1995). The role of positive affect in syllogism performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 788-794.
Oaksford, M., Morris, F., Grainger, B., & Williams, J. M. G. (1996). Mood, reasoning, and central executive processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 22, 476-492.
Oishi, S. (2012). The Psychological Wealth of Nations: Do Happy People Make a Happy Society? MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Oishi, S., Diener, E., & Lucas, R. E. (2007). The optimum level of well-being: Can people be too happy? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 346-360.
Oishi, S., & Koo, M. (2008). Two new questions about happiness. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds.). The Science of Subjective Well-Being (pp. 290-306). NY: The Guilford Press.
Phillips, L. H., Bull, R., Adams, E., & Fraser, L. (2002). Positive mood and executive function: Evidence from stroop and fluency tasks. Emotion, 2, 12-22.
Schnall, S., Jaswal, V. K., & Rowe, C. (2008). A hidden cost of happiness in children. Developmental Science, 11, F25-F30.
Schwartz, R. M. (1997). Consider the simple screw: Cognitive science, quality improvement, and psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 970-983.
Schwartz, R. M., Reynolds, C. F. III, Thase, M. E., Frank, E., Fasiczka, A. L., & Haaga, D. A. F. (2002) optimal and normal affect balance in psychotherapy of major depression: Evaluation of the balanced states of mind model. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30, 439-450.
Shrira, A., Palgi Y., Wolf, J. J., Haber, Y., Goldray O., Shacham-Shmueli, E., & Ben-Ezra, M. (2011). The positivity ratio and functioning under Stress. Stress and Health, 27, 265-271.
Sinclair, R. C., & Marks, M. M. (1995). The effects of mood state on judgmental accuracy: Processing strategy as a mechanism. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 417-438.
Tamir, M. (2005). Don’t worry, be happy? Neuroticism, trait-consistent affect regulation and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 449-461.
Tamir, M. (2009). What do people want to feel and why? Pleasure and utility in emotion regulation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 101-105.
Tice, D. M., Baumeister, R. F., Shmueli, D., & Muraven, M. (2007). Restoring the self: Positive affect helps improve self-regulation following ego depletion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 379-384.
Veenhoven, R. (1988). The utility of happiness. Social Indicators Research, 20, 333-354.
Veenhoven, R. (Eds.) (1989). How Harmful is Happiness? Consequences of Enjoying Life or Not? Rotterdam, The Netherlands: University Press Rotterdam.