What Changes Does People Think Money Bring?: Self-Other Differences

본 연구에서는 사람들이 돈을 많이 벌면 어떤 변화가 생길 것이라고 생각하는지를 알아보았고, 변화에 대한 인식에서 나와 타인의 차이가 있는지, 돈에 대한 태도와는 어떤 관련이 있는지 함께 조사하였다. 예비조사를 통해 돈을 벌면 어떤 측면에서 변화가 생긴다고 생각하는지를 조사하여 24개 항목을 도출하였고, 본 조사에서는 24개 항목에 대해 변화가 어떤 양상인지 7개의 변화 속성에 대해 평가하도록 하였다. 변화 속성 중 변화의 정도에 따라 24개 항목을 요인분석한 결과, 나의 변화에 대해서는 외적요인, 미래, 여유, 대인관계, 기부의 5개 요인이 나타났고, 타인의 변화에 대해서는 외적요인, 내적요인, 여유, 미래, 대인관계, 기부의 6개 요인이 나타났다. 7개 변화 속성에 대해서는 대부분의 변화 요인에 대해 척도의 중간값인 4점 이상의 값이 보고되어 사람들이 이러한 요인들에 있어서의 변화가 크고, 지속적이며, 긍정적이고, 영향범위가 크고, 근본적인 변화지만 자신이 조절할 수 있다고 생각하는 것으로 나타났다. 7개 변화 특성을 요인분석한 결과 변화의 질과 양의 두 차원이 도출되었다. 변화 속성에 대한 평가와 요인분석에서 모두 나와 타인의 차이가 나타났다. 변화 속성 요인과 돈 윤리척도와의 관계를 보면, 돈에 대한 태도가 긍정적일수록 돈으로 인한 변화의 양이나 질도 크다고 보는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 사람들이 돈으로 인해 여러 측면에서 긍정적인 변화가 나타날 것이고 자신에게는 그러한 변화가 더 긍정적일 것이라고 생각하고 있음을 보여준다. 이러한 결과의 시사점과 본 연구의 한계, 추후 연구에 대해 논의하였다.

keywords: money, money attitude, social comparison bias, happiness, 돈, 돈 태도, 사회비교 편향, 행복

Abstract

The present study investigated what kinds of changes people thought would occur if they earned lots of money. Self-other differences in their thoughts and relationships to money attitude were examined as well. In pilot study,we asked what kinds of changes would occur and selected 24 items based on the responses. In main study, we asked to rate 24 items on 7 change attributes. Among the 7 change attributes, the degree of change attribute was used to do factor analysis of 24 items. The results showed that with regards to the change of self, five factors such as external factor, future, breadth of mind, interpersonal relationships, donation were extracted. With regards to the change of others, internal factor was added to the five factors. Regarding the 7 change attributes, the values were mostly above 4 point that was the mid point, which implies that people thought that the change caused by money was big, continuous, positive, having a great ripple effect, fundamental, but controllable. The seven change attributes were also factor analyzed and the two extracted factors were change of quality and quantity. There were self-other differences both in the evaluations of the seven change attributes and the two factors. The relationships between the two factors and money attitude demonstrated that the more positive money attitudes were, the more change was expected in both quality and quantity. The results of the present study indicated that people believed many good changes would occur due to money and the changes occurring to self were especially positive. Implications, limitations and direction for future research were discussed.

keywords: money, money attitude, social comparison bias, happiness, 돈, 돈 태도, 사회비교 편향, 행복

참고문헌

2010 돈에 대한 태도조사. 엠브레인 트렌드모니터

http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=200804231733595&code=990307

고재홍, 전병우 (2003). 두 자기평가 편향과 자존감간의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 17, 1-16.

구재선, 서은국 (2011). 한국인, 누가 언제 행복한가? 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 25, 143-166.

김정훈, 이은희 (2002). 돈에 대한 태도와 가치관 유형에 따른 전라북도 대학생들의 소비가치, 물질주의 태도, 구매충동. 한국가정관리학회지, 20, 121-128.

박영신, 김의철 (2009). 심리적, 관계적, 경제적 자원: 한국인의 행복에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가? 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 15, 95-132.

박재흥, 김정희 (2003). 화폐심리학. 서울: 학지사

우석봉 (2006). 돈에 대한 가치관 유형에 따른 금융기관 이용행동 및 태도. 한국심리학회 연차학술발표대회 논문집, 522-523.

장재윤 (2002). 직무특성의 직무관여 및 조직몰입간의 관계: 돈에 대한 태도 및 내외동기 지향성의 조절효과. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 15, 1-22.

10.

허경옥, 백은영, 정순희 (1997). 돈에 대한 태도유형별 가계의 저축행동. 소비자학연구, 8, 43-59.

11.

홍은실 (2005). 중, 고, 대학생의 돈에 대한 태도와 소비행동에 관한 연구. 한국가정관리학회지, 23, 103-121.

12.

Ahuvia, A. (2008). If money doesn’t make us happy, why do we act as if it does? Journal of Economic Psychology, 29, 491-507.

13.

Alicke, M. D., & Govorun, O. (2005). The better-than-average effect. In M. D. Alicke, D. A., Dunning, & J. I., Krueger (Eds.), The self in social judgment (pp. 85-106). New York․ Hove.: Psychology Press.

14.

Astin, A.W., Korn, W.S., & Riggs, E.R. (1993). The American freshman: National norms for fall 1993. Los Angeles: University of California at Los Angeles, Graduate School of Education, Higher Education Research Institute

15.

Bailey, W., & Gustafson, W. (1991). An examination of the relationship between personality factors and attitudes toward money. In R. Frantz, H. Singh, & J. Gerber (Eds.), Handbook of Behavioral Economics (pp. 271-285). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, Inc.

16.

Belk, R. W., & Wallendorf, M. (1990). The sacred meanings of money. Journal of Economic Psychology, 11, 35-67.

17.

Burger, J. M., & Burns, L. (1988). The illusion of unique invulnerability and the use of effective contraception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 264-270.

18.

Carey, K. B., Borsari, B., Carey, M. P., & Maisto, S. A. (2006). Patterns and importance of self-other differences in college drinking norms. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20, 385-393.

19.

Chambers, J. R., Windschitl, P. D., & Suls, J. (2003). Egocentrism, event frequency, and comparative optimism: When what happens frequently is "more likely to happen to me." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1343-1356.

20.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). If we are so rich, why aren’t we happy? American Psychologist, 54, 821-827.

21.

Diener, E., Horwits, J., & Emmons, R. A. (1985). Happiness of the very wealthy. Social Indicators Research, 16, 263-274.

22.

English , T. Chen , S. (2007). Culture and self-concept stability: Consistency across and within contexts among Asian Americans and European Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 478-490.

23.

Fraser, C., & Gaskell, G. (1990). The social psychological study of widespread beliefs. Oxford, UK: Glarendon.

24.

Furnham, A. (1984). Many sides of the coin: The psychology of money usage. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 501-509.

25.

Furnham, A. (1988). Lay theories. London: Pergamon.

26.

Gilbert, D. T. & Wilson, T. D. (2000). Miswanting. In J. Forgas (Ed.), Thinking and feeling: The role of affect in social cognition (pp. 178-197). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

27.

Hanley, A., & Wilhelm, M. S. (1992). Compulsive buying: An exploration into self-esteem and money attitudes. Journal of Economic Psychology, 13, 5-18.

28.

Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106, 766-794.

29.

Herzberg, F. (1968). One more time: How do you motivate employee? Harvard Business Review, 46, 53-62.

30.

Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. A. (2006). Would you be happier if you were richer? A focusing illusion. Science, 312, 1908-1910.

31.

Kirscht, J. P, Haefner, D. P., Kegeles S. S., & Rosenstock, I. M. (1966). A national study of health beliefs. Journal of Health and Human Behavior, 7, 248-254.

32.

Lecky, P. (1945). Self consistency. New York: Island Maccoby Press.

33.

Lykken, D. (1999). Happiness. New York: Golden Books.

34.

Medina, J. F., Saegert, J., & Gresham, A. (1996). Comparison of Mexican-American and Anglo-American attitudes toward money. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 30, 124-145.

35.

Mitchell, T. R., Thompson, L., Peterson, E. & Cronk, R. (1997). Temporal adjustments in the evaluation of events: The "rosy view." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 421-448.

36.

Mitchell, T. R., & Mickel, A. E. (1999). The meaning of money: An individual-difference perspective, The Academy of Management Review, 24, 568-578.

37.

Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy? Psychological Science, 6, 10-19.

38.

Myers, D. G. (2000). The funds, friends, and faith of happy people. American Psychologist, 55, 56-67.

39.

O’Mara, E. M., McNulty, J. K. & Karney, B. R. (2011). Positively biased appraisals in everyday life: When do they benefit mental health and when do they harm it? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 415-432.

40.

Svenson, O. (1981). Are we all less risky and more skillful than our fellow drivers? Acta Psychologica, 47, 143–148

41.

Tang, T. L. P. (1992). The meaning of money revisited. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 197-202.

42.

Tang, T. L. P. (1995). The development of a short money ethic scale: Attitudes toward money and pay satisfaction revisited. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 809-816.

43.

Vohs, K. D., Mead, N. L., & Goode, M. R. (2006). The psychological consequences of money. Science, 314, 1154-1156.

44.

Vohs, K. D., Mead, N. L., & Goode, M. R. (2008). Merely activating the concept of money changes personal and interpersonal behavior. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 208-212.

45.

Weinstein, N. D. (1980). Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 806-820.

46.

Yamauchi, K. T., & Templer, D. I. (1982). The development of a money attitude scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46, 522-528.

47.

Zhou, X., & Gao, D-G. (2008). Social support and money as pain management mechanisms. Psychological Inquiry, 19, 127-144.

바로가기메뉴

논문 상세

Vol.26 No.3

사람들은 돈이 어떤 변화를 가져온다고 생각하는가?: 나와 타인의 차이

What Changes Does People Think Money Bring?: Self-Other Differences

초록

Abstract

참고문헌

한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격