ISSN : 1229-0653
A survey of 306 middle and high school students of Seoul and GyeongGi-Do was carried out to investigate time perspectives(Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory: Past-negative, past-positive, present-hedonic, present- fatalistic, and future), happiness(COMOSWB), and sex. The result indicated that the past-positive time perspective was the highest score among 5 time perspectives. And School(middle/high)×sex interaction effect was statistically significant. Moreover, 77.4% of the respondents reported that they were happy. Furthermore, past-negative, past-positive, and present-hedonic were significant predictors of happiness. Finally, the past-positive was a significant predictor of happiness for men. However, it was not for women. Some practical implications of the present findings are discussed.
구재선, 서은국 (2011). 한국인, 누가 언제 행복한가? 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 25(2), 143-166.
김가영 (2011). 청소년의 스트레스와 자살사고의 관계에서 시간조망의 매개효과. 서울여자대학교 특수치료전문대학원 석사학위 청구논문.
김경희 (1981). 대학생의 시간전망의 태도에 관한 일 연구. 고려대학교 행동과학연구, 55-64.
김명소, 김혜원, 한영석, 임지영 (2003). 한국인의행복한 삶에 대한 인구통계학적 특성별 분석. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 22(2), 1-33.
김외숙 (2003). 한국과 미국 대학생의 시간전망에 대한 비교연구. 한국가정관리학회지, 21(4), 1-10.
김정윤, 이경은, 현정석, 박찬성 (2013). 시간관과조절초점이 스마트폰 중독에 미치는 영향. 2013년 한국컴퓨터교육학회 동계 학술발표논문지, 17(1), 117-120.
박찬정, 김동환, 현정석 (2011). 초등중학생의 시간관이 인터넷과 휴대폰 중독에 미치는 영향. 한국정보교육학회 논문지, 15(3), 399-411.
박혜경, 최인철 (2000). 미래에 대한 예측 대 과거에 대한 이해: 변화에 대한 지각에 있어 서의 시간 틀 효과. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및성격, 14(3), 51-63.
서은국, 구재선, 이동귀, 정태연, 최인철 (2010). 한국인의 행복 및 정신건강 지수: 한국인의 행복지수와 그 의미. 2010년 한국심리학회 연차학술발표대회 논문집, 213-232.
서은국, 성민선, 김민주 역 (2007). 긍정심리학 입문. 서울: 박학사.
오정아 옮김 (2008). 타임 패러독스. 서울: 미디어윌.
윤소정, 김정섭 (2012). 한국형 Zimbardo 시간관척도 타당화. 교육심리연구, 26(2), 587-606.
이윤식 역 (1997). 습관을 알면 문화가 보인다. 서울: 청림출판.
임영진, 고영건, 신희천, 조용래 (2010). 한국인의행복 및 정신건강지수: 한국인의 정신건강. 2010년 한국심리학회 연차학술발표대회 논문집, 233-257.
전경숙, 정태연 (2009). 한국 청소년의 행복을결정하는 요인들. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 15(1), 133-153.
조연상 (2012). 행복지수와 한국 재정정책 방향-행복한 나라 만들기-. 재정정책논집, 14(4), 3-30.
조한익 (2011). 고등학생의 지각된 시간관이 자기조절학습에 미치는 영향: 자기통제력을매개변인으로. 미래청소년학회지, 8(2), 61-75.
한민, 최인철, 김범준, 이훈진, 김경미, 류승아 (2012). 한국 청소년들의 행복: 타 연령대와 비교를 중심으로. 청소년학 연구, 19(5), 217-235.
Brisswalter, J., Collardeau, M., & Rene, A. (2002). Effect of acute physical exercise on cognitive performance. Sports Medicine, 32, 555-566.
Clark, D. M. (1983). On the induction of depressed mood in the laboratory: Evaluation and comparison of the Velten and musical procedures. Advances in Behaviour and Therapy, 5, 27-49.
Collett, P. (1993). Foreign bodies. London: Simon &Schuster.
Darley, J. M., & Batson, C. D. (1973). From Jerusalem to Jericho: A study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 29-40.
Erikson, E. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
Fieulaine, N., & Marinez, F. (2010). Time under control: Time perspective and desire for control in substance use. Addictive Behaviors, 35, 799-802.
Fraisse, P. (1963). The psychology of time. Oxford, England: Harper & Row.
Frank, L. K. (1939). Time perspectives. Journal of Social Psychology, 4, 293-312.
Greene, A. L., & Wheatley, S. M. (1992). I’ve got a lot to do and I don’t think I’ll have the time : Gender differences in late adolescents’narratives of the future. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21, 667-686.
Harber, K. D., Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2003). Participant self-selection biases as a function of individual differences in time perspectives. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25, 255-264.
Helfrich, H. (1996). Psychology of time from a cross-cultural perspective. In H. Helfrich(Ed.), Time and mind (pp. 103-118). Kirkland, WA:Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
Horstmanshof, L., & Zimitat, C. (2007). Future time orientation predicts academic engagement among first year university students. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 65, 599-610.
Husserl, E. (2003). 시간의식 (이종훈 역). 파주: 한길사(원전은 1928년에 출판).
Jacson, T., Fritch, A., Nagasaka, T., & Pope, L. (2003). Procrastination and perception of past, present and future. Individual Differences Research, 1, 17-18.
James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Dover.
Kant, I. (1965). Critique of pure reason(N. Smith Trans.). New York: St. Martin’s Press. (Original work Published 1781)
Kim, H., Shin, Y., & Han, S. (2011). Being another person to be future-minded: Common neural substrates of perspective-taking prospective memory, and intertemporal decision. The Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 23, 505-531.
Kline, P. (1993). The handbook of psychological testing. London: Routledge.
Laghi, F., Baiocco, R., D’Alessio, M., & Gurrieri, G. (2009). Suicidal ideation and time perspective in high school students. European Psychiatry, 24(1), 41-46.
Levine, R. V. (1997). A geography of time: The temporal misadventures of a social psychologist, or how every culture keeps time just a little bit differently. New York: Basic Books.
Lewin, K. (1931). Field theory and experiment in social psychology: Concepts and methods. The American Journal of Sociology, 44, 868-897.
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803-855.
Mehta, P. H., Rohila, P. K., Sundberg, N. D., & Tyler, L. E. (1972). Future time perspectives of adolescents in India and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 3(3), 293-302.
Natale, V., Adan, A., & Chotai, J. (2002). Further results on the association between morningness-eveningness preference and the sean of birth in adults. Neuropsychology, 46, 209-214.
Nijstad, B. A., & Stroebe, W. (2006). How the group affect the mind: A cognitive model of idea generation in group. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 186-213.
Peetsma, T. D. (2000). Future time perspectives as a predictor of school investment. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Psychology, 44, 177-192.
Piaget, J. (1955). The development of time concepts in the child. In P. H. Hoch & J. Zubin (Eds.)Psychopathology of childhood(pp. 34-44). London:Grube and Stratton.
Roeckelein, J. E. (2000). The concept of time: A resource book and annotated bibliography. Westport:Greenwood Press.
Rudd, M., Kathleen, D., Vohs, D., & Aaker, J. (2012). Awe expands people’s perception of time, alters decision making and enhances well-being. Psychological Science, 23, 1130-1136.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719-727.
Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. J. (2005). Handbook of positive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Trommsdorff, G. (1983). Future orientation and socialization. International Journal of Psychology, 18, 131-147.
Trop, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117, 440-463.l
Veenhoven, R. (1988). The utility of happiness. Social Indicators Research, 20, 333-354.
Verstraeten, D. (1980). Level of realism in adolescent future time perspective. Human Development, 23, 177-191.
Wallace, M. (1956). Future time perspection in schizoprenia. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 52, 240-245.
Webb, J. T., & Mayers B. S. (1974). Developmental aspects of temporal orientation in adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30, 504-507.
Wessman, A. E., & Gorman, B. S. (1977). The personal experience of time. New York: Plenum Press.
Wills, T. A., Sandy, J. M., & Yaeger, A. M. (2001). Time perspective and early-onset substance use:A model based on stress-coping theory. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15(2), 118-125.
Wolf, F. M., & Savickas, M. L. (1985). Time perspective and causal attribution for achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(4), 471-480.
Yan, L. L., Liu, K., Matthews, K. A., Daviglus, M. L., Ferguson, T. F., & Kiefe, C. I. (2003). Psychological factors and risk of hypertension. Journal of American Medical Association, 290, 2138-2148.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1271-1288.
Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (2008). The time paradox: The new psychology of time that will change your life. New York: Free Press.
Zimbardo, P. G., Keough, K. A., & Boyd, J. N. (1997). Present time perspective as a predictor of risky driving. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 1007-1023.