자기비판과 우울관계에서 지각된 스트레스와 자기자비 효과
The effects of perceived stress and self compassion on the relationship between self criticism and depression
현명호 (중앙대학교)
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
초록
본 연구는 자기비판이 우울 및 부정 정서에 취약하다는 선행 연구에 기초하여, 자기비판적인 사람이 가상적인 실패/실수 상황에 대해 어떠한 정서반응을 보이는지 조사하였다. 더불어 자기비판과 우울관계에서 지각된 스트레스와 자기 자비의 매개 및 조절효과에 대해 알아보았다. 연구대상은 대학생 233명 중, 자기비판이 높은 집단(상위 25%)과 낮은 집단(하위 25%) 114명이다. 이들에게 가상적인 실패/실수 상황에 대한 부정 정서반응의 차이와 그 외 우울, 지각된 스트레스, 자기자비 설문을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 자기비판이 높은 사람은 낮은 사람에 비해 가상적인 실패/실수 상황에 대해 부정정서, 우울, 지각된 스트레스를 많이 경험하고, 자기 자비는 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 자기비판과 우울 관계에서 지각된 스트레스는 매개효과를, 자기 자비는 조절효과를 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 자기비판적인 사람은 평소 자신의 실수나 실패 자극에 주의를 집중하여 지각된 스트레스가 높고 이로 인해 우울에 취약한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 자기비판적인 사람에게 자기자비를 높이도록 훈련되면 우울을 낮출 수 있음이 시사되었다. 자기비판적인 사람에게 자신을 비판하지 않고 있는 그대로를 수용하고 친절하고 따듯하게 사랑하도록 하는 자애 명상이 우울증의 보호요인으로 작용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 임상적인 함의, 제한점과 향후 연구 방향에 대해 논의하였다.
- keywords
- 자기비판, 우울, 부정 정서, 지각된 스트레스, 자기자비, self-criticism, depression, negative affect, perceived stress, self-compassion.
Abstract
This study was aimed to examine whether or not self critical students are more vulnerable to depression and negative emotional response when they are asked to recall after read the three hypothetical scenarios related to failure or mistakes. Furthermore, the research was to investigate the relationship between self-criticism and depression is mediated by perceived stress, and is moderated by self compassion. 233 participants were college students, who were divided up into 25% of highly critical students and 25% of low critical students. They were asked to complete the questionnaires of depression, perceived stress, and self compassion. The results revealed that the highly self-critical students were more vulnerable to negative emotions, perceived stress, depression and low self-compassion compared to students who were less critical of themselves. Also, it were presented that the relationship between self-criticism and depression is mediated by perceived stress moderated, and is moderated by self compassion. These findings suggest that self-criticism has more negative affect including depression through perceived stress, but it can be overturned by the practice of loving-kindness meditation to one's self. Finally, we discuss limitations of this study and suggest future directions for this research.
- keywords
- 자기비판, 우울, 부정 정서, 지각된 스트레스, 자기자비, self-criticism, depression, negative affect, perceived stress, self-compassion.
참고문헌
김경의, 이금단, 조용래, 채숙희, 이우경 (2008). 한국판자기자비 척도의 타당화 연구: 대학생을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 건강. 4, 1023-1044.
김현진, 한종철 (2004). 대학생의 우울 취약성과 자의식이 대인관계에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지:상담 및 심리치료. 16, 277-294.
백영묘, 최진영, 박혜연 (2009). 한국판 노인용 지각된 스트레스 척도(PSS-EK)의 표준화를 위한 예비연구. 한국심리학회 연차학술대회.
조맹제, 김계희 (1993). 주요 우울증환자 예비평가에서 CES-D의 진단적 타당성 연구. 신경정신의학, 32, 381-399.
조재임 (1996). 우울의 두 차원에 관한 연구. 고려대학교 석사학위청구논문.
Abolghasemi, A., & Varaniyab, S. T. (2010). Resilience and perceived stress: predictors of life satisfaction in the students of success and failure. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 748-752.
Babiker, G., & Arnold, L. (1997). The Language of Injure: Comprehending Self-mutilation. Leicester. British Psychological Society.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in psychological research: Conceptual strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Bergdahl., J., & Bergdahl, M. (2002). Perceived stress in adults: prevalence and association of depression, anxiety and medication in a Swedish population. Stress and Heath, 18, 235-241.
Besser, A., Guez, J., & Priel, B. (2008). The associations between self-criticism and dependency and incidental learning of interpersonal and achievement words. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1696-1710.
Blatt, S. T. (1974). Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 29, 107-157.
Blatt, S. T. (2004). Experiences of Depression: Theoretical, Clinical and Research Perspectives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Blatt, S. T., & Homann, E. (1992). Parent-child interaction in the etiology of dependent and self-critical depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 47-91.
Blatt, S. T., & Zuroff, D. (1992). Interpersonal relatedness and self-definition. two prototypes for depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 527-562.
Blatt, S. T., D'Aflitti, J. P., & Quinlan, D. M. (1976). Experiences of depression in normal young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 383-389.
Brewin, C. R. (2003). Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Malady or Myth? New Haven: Yale University Press.
Chang, E. C. (1998). Does dispostional optimism moderate the relation between perceived stress and psychological well-being? Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 233-240.
Cohen, S., Kamarch, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396.
Cox, B. J., Rector, N. A., Bagby, R. M., Swinson, R. P., Levitt, A. J., & Joffe, R. T. (2000). Is self criticism unique for depression: a comparison with social phobia. Journal of Affective Disorder, 57, 223-228.
Dunkley, D. M., & Blankstein, K. R. (2000). Self-critical perfectionism, coping, hassles, and current distress: a structural equation modeling approach. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 713-730.
Dunkley, D. M., Zuroff, D. C., & Blankstein, K. R. (2006). Specific perfectionism components versus self-criticism in predicting maladjustment. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 665-676.
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300-319.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: the broaden-and build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226.
Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: positive emotion, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1045-1062.
Germer, C. K. (2009). The Mindfulness Path to Self-compassion: New York: The Guilford Press.
Gilbert, P. (1992). Depression: The Evolution of Powerlessness. Erlbaum.
Gilbert, P., & Miles J. N. V. (2000). Sensitivity to put-down: its relationship to perceptions of shame, social anxiety, depression, anger and self-other blame. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 757-774.
Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13, 353-379.
Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991). Dimensions of perfectionism in unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 98-101.
Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Allen, A. D., & Hancock, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implications of treating oneself kindly. Personality and Individual Differences, 92, 887-904.
Longe, O., Frances, A. M., Gilbert, P., Evans, G., & Volker, F. (2010). Having a word with yourself: neural correlates of self-criticism and self-reassurance. NeuroImage, 49, 1849-1856.
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (20050. The benefits of frequent positive affect : does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803-855.
Mongrain, M., Vettese, L. C., Shuster, B., & Kendall, N. (1998). Perceptual biases, affect, and behavior in relationship of depression and self-critics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 230-241.
Moore, R. G., & Blackburn, I. M. (1993). Sociotropy, autonomy, and personal memories in depression. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, 460-462.
Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250.
Neff, K. D., & Lamb, L. M. (2009). Self-compassion. Lopez(ed.), The Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology. Blakewell Publishing.
Radden, J. (2000). The Nature of Melancholy: From Aristotle to Kristeva. New York: Oxford University Press.
Whelton, W. J., & Greenberg, L. S. (2005). Emotion in self-criticism. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1583-1595.
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
- 0KCI 피인용수
- 0WOS 피인용수