The Korean Journal of Health Psychology
- KOREAN
- P-ISSN1229-070X
- E-ISSN2713-9581
- KCI
Effects of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Perceived Parental Overprotection on Anxiety: Excessive Reassurance Seeking as a Mediator
Abstract
This study examined the effects of intolerance of uncertainty and perceived parental overprotection on anxiety with excessive reassurance seeking (ERS) as a potential mediator of those processes. Previous studies have suggested that ERS may be associated with depression rather than anxiety. However, many of these studies were limited in that they typically adopted a scale for measuring ERS more specific to depression. To clarify the relation between ERS and anxiety, a scale for assessing ERS in a wider range of situations was used. Participants were 290 college students who completed a set of questionnaires assessing intolerance of uncertainty, perceived parental overprotection, ERS, depression and anxiety. A mediational model was tested using hierarchical regression models with gender and depression as covariates. The findings indicate that the scale for assessing depression-specific ERS did not mediate the effects of intolerance of uncertainty and perceived parental overprotection on anxiety. However, the scale for measuring ERS in various situations did mediate the effects of intolerance of uncertainty and parental overprotection on anxiety. The results suggest that ERS may be an important mechanism by which lower levels of tolerance of uncertainty and higher levels of perceived parental overprotection lead to higher levels of anxiety. As participants of this study were college students, it is difficult to apply the same mechanism in a high-risk sample. However, based on these findings, we put great emphasis on use of various scales of ERS for future studies. In addition, we expect that early intervention aimed at people who have higher levels of intolerance of uncertainty and/or ERS could be effective.
- keywords
- intolerance of uncertainty, parental overprotection, excessive reassurance seeking, anxiety, depression, 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족, 부모의 과보호, 과도한 재확인 추구, 불안, 우울
Reference
김무경, 오윤희, 오강섭 (2005). 지각된 부모 양육 행동이 사회 불안 증상에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지:임상, 24(3), 599-614.
김순희 (2010). 부정적 및 긍정적 평가에 대한 두려움, 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족과 사회 불안의 관계. 이화여자대학교 석사학위 청구 논문.
김정택 (1978). 특성불안과 사회성과의 관계. 고려대학교 석사학위 청구 논문.
김지혜, 현명호(2011). 불확실성에대한인내력및지각된통제력이걱정에미치는영향: 인지적회피의매개효과 검증. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 30(4), 1149-1164.
김화영 (2012). 부정적 및 긍정적 평가에 대한 두려움과사회 불안의 관계 : 재확인 추구의 매개효과 및 관계의 질의 중재효과. 가톨릭대학교 석사학위 청구논문.
설승원, 오경자 (2008). 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족과정서 통제감이 걱정에 영향을 미치는 기제: 문제해결 지향의 매개효과를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지:임상, 27(1), 209-235.
송지영 (1992). 한국판 부모-자녀 결합 형태 검사: 신뢰도 및 타당도 검증. 신경정신의학, 31(5), 979-992.
양경은, 박기환 (2014). 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족과정서조절곤란이 걱정에 미치는 영향: 경험적 회피의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 19(1), 187-201.
오영아, 정남운 (2011). 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족과걱정의 관계: 경험적 회피의 매개효과 검증. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 23(3), 671-691.
전겸구, 이민규 (1992). 한국판 CES-D 개발 연구 1. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 11(1), 65-76.
조양선, 손솔, 서경현 (2013). 대학생이 지각한 부모의양육방식과 사회 불안 간의 관계에서 부모화의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 18(1), 203-202.
조현주 (1997). 우울성향, 대인지각 및 대인관계에 관한연구. 이화여자대학교 석사학위 청구 논문.
최혜경 (1997). 만성적 근심이 문제해결에 미치는 역기능적 효과. 중앙대학교 박사학위 청구 논문.
허재홍 (2006). 부모양육태도, 완벽주의, 외상경험이 사회 불안에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및심리치료, 18(3), 593-611.
Abramowitz, J. S., Schwartz, S. A., & Whiteside, S. P. (2002, December). A contemporary conceptual model of hypochondriasis. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings (Vol. 77, No. 12, pp. 1323-1330). Elsevier.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529.
Boswell, J. F., Thompson-Hollands, J., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2013). Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(6), 630-645.
Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2010). Parent–child attachment and internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence: A review of empirical findings and future directions. Development and Psychopathology, 22(1), 177-203.
Burns, A. B., Brown, J. S., Plant, E. A., Sachs-Ericsson, N., & Joiner Jr, T. E. (2006). On the specific depressotypic nature of excessive reassurance-seeking. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(1), 135-145.
Carleton, R. N., Norton, M. A., & Asmundson, G. J. (2007). Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(1), 105-117.
Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). The development of anxiety: The role of control in the early environment. Psychological Bulletin, 124(1), 3-21.
Comer, J. S., Blanco, C., Hasin, D. S., Liu, S. M., Grant, B. F., Turner, J. B., & Olfson, M. (2011). Health-related quality of life across the anxiety disorders. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(1), 43-50.
Cougle, J. R., Fitch, K. E., Fincham, F. D., Riccardi, C. J., Keough, M. E., & Timpano, K. R. (2012). Excessive reassurance seeking and anxiety pathology: Tests of incremental associations and directionality. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(1), 117-125.
Davila, J. (1999). Exploring alternative explanations for the association between depression and excessive reassurance-seeking. Psychological Inquiry, 10(4), 285-287.
Dugas, M. J., Buhr, K., & Ladouceur, R. (2004). The role of intolerance of uncertainty in etiology and maintenance. In R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk, &D. S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice. New York: Guilford.
Dugas, M. J., Gagnon, F., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M. H. (1998). Generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary test of a conceptual model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(2), 215-226.
Dugas, M. J., Marchand, A., & Ladouceur, R. (2005). Further validation of a cognitive-behavioral model of generalized anxiety disorder: Diagnostic and symptom specificity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(3), 329-343.
Edwards, S. L., Rapee, R. M., & Kennedy, S. (2010). Prediction of anxiety symptoms in preschoolaged children: examination of maternal and paternal perspectives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(3), 313-321.
Evraire, L. E., & Dozois, D. J. (2011). An integrative model of excessive reassurance seeking and negative feedback seeking in the development and maintenance of depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(8), 1291-1303.
Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry?. Personality and Individual Differences, 17(6), 791-802.
Gerlsma, C., Emmelkamp, P. M., & Arrindell, W. A. (1990). Anxiety, depression, and perception of early parenting: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 10(3), 251-277.
Greco, V., & Roger, D. (2001). Coping with uncertainty: The construction and validation of a new measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(4), 519-534.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). An index and simple test of moderated mediation. Working paper.
Heerey, E. A., & Kring, A. M. (2007). Interpersonal consequences of social anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(1), 125-134.
Holmbeck, G. N., Johnson, S. Z., Wills, K. E., McKernon, W., Rose, B., Erklin, S., & Kemper, T. (2002). Observed and perceived parental overprotection in relation to psychosocial adjustment in preadolescents with a physical disability: the mediational role of behavioral autonomy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(1), 96-110.
Joiner Jr, T. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (1998). Excessive reassurance-seeking predicts depressive but not anxious reactions to acute stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(3), 533-537.
Joiner Jr, T. E., Alfano, M. S., & Metalsky, G. I. (1992). When depression breeds contempt:Reassurance seeking, self-esteem, and rejection of depressed college students by their roommates. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(1), 165-173.
Joiner Jr, T. E., Katz, J., & Lew, A. (1999). Harbingers of depressotypic reassurance seeking:Negative life events, increased anxiety, and decreased self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(5), 632-639.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press.
MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding, and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1(4), 173-181.
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 83-104.
Mendelson, T., Robins, C. J., & Johnson, C. S. (2002). Relations of sociotropy and autonomy to developmental experiences among psychiatric patients. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(2), 189-198.
Mendlowicz, M. V., & Stein, M. B. (2000). Quality of life in individuals with anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(5), 669-682.
Olatunji, B. O., Cisler, J. M., & Tolin, D. F. (2007). Quality of life in the anxiety disorders: a meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(5), 572-581.
Otani, K., Suzuki, A., Kamata, M., Matsumoto, Y., Shibuya, N., Sadahiro, R., & Enokido, M. (2012). Parental overprotection increases sociotropy with gender specificity in parents and recipients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(3), 824-827.
Parker, G. (1983). Parental overprotection: A risk factor in psychosocial development. New York:Grune & Stratton.
Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A parental bonding instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52(1), 1-10.
Parrish, C. L., & Radomsky, A. S. (2010). Why do people seek reassurance and check repeatedly? An investigation of factors involved in compulsive behavior in OCD and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(2), 211-222.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717-731.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.
Rapee, R. M. (1997). Potential role of childrearing practices in the development of anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 17(1), 47-67.
Rector, N. A., Kamkar, K., Cassin, S. E., Ayearst, L. E., & Laposa, J. M. (2011). Assessing excessive reassurance seeking in the anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(7), 911-917.
Robichaud, M. (2013). Cognitive behavior therapy targeting intolerance of uncertainty: Application to a clinical case of generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20(3), 251-263.
Salkovskis, P. M., & Warwick, H. (1986). Morbid preoccupations, health anxiety and reassurance: a cognitive-behavioural approach to hypochondriasis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24(5), 597-602.
Schaefer, E. S. (1959). A circumplex model for maternal behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59(2), 226-235.
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in Experimental and Nonexperimental Studies: New Procedures and Recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422-445.
Smith, E. E., Atkinson, R. L., & Hilgard, E. R. (2011). (애트킨슨과 힐가드의) 심리학 (이진환 외 공역). 서울: 박학사. (원전은 2003에 출판).
Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 13, 290-312.
Sobel, M. E. (1986). Some new results on indirect effects and their standard errors in covariance structure models. Sociological Methodology, 16, 159-186.
Spielberger, C. D. (1976). The nature and measurement of anxiety. In C. D. Spielberger, & R. Diaz-Guerrero (Eds.), Cross-cultural anxiety. Washington DC:Hemisphere Publishing Corporation.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, California: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Starr, L. R., & Davila, J. (2008). Excessive reassurance seeking, depression, and interpersonal rejection: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(4), 762-775.
van der Heiden, C., Muris, P., & van der Molen, H. T. (2012). Randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy and intolerance-of-uncertainty therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(2), 100-109.
van Gastel, W., Legerstee, J. S., & Ferdinand, R. F. (2009). The role of perceived parenting in familial aggregation of anxiety disorders in children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(1), 46-53.
Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(4), 448-457.
Wood, J. J., McLeod, B. D., Sigman, M., Hwang, W. C., & Chu, B. C. (2003). Parenting and childhood anxiety: Theory, empirical findings, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(1), 134-151.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations