In this study, in order to identify how mindfulness improves each other's happiness, the previous research was reviewed, through which self-esteem and materialism were chosen as the mediating variables between mindfulness and happiness. The current study demonstrated that the prediction of happiness by mindfulness was mediated by self-esteem and materialism indirectly, not directly. Mindfulness increased self-esteem, decreased materialism, and finally, positively influenced happiness. The results indicated that mindfulness can influence life's value (materialism), as well as individual self-perception.
강진호, 유형근, 손현동 (2009). 마음챙김 명상을 활용한고등학생의 심리적 안녕감 증진 프로그램 개발. 중등교육연구, 57(1), 213-243.
강혜윤 남정현 (2013). 향기요법이 가미된 마음챙김 명상 프로그램이 우울, 스트레스 및 심리적 안녕감에미치는 효과. 예술심리치료연구, 9(2), 219-236.
구재선, 김의철 (2006). 한국인의 행복 경험에 대한 토착문화심리학적 접근. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 12(2), 77-100.
권선중, 김교헌 (2007). 한국판 마음챙김 주의 알아차림척도 (K-MAAS)의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지 :건강, 12(1), 269-287.
권선중, 김교헌, 이홍석 (2006). 한국판 감사 성향 척도(K-GQ-6)의 신뢰도 및 타당도. 한국심리학회지 :건강, 11(1), 177-190.
김광수 (2002). 용서 연구의 동향과 과제. 한국교육심리학회, 16(2), 113-131.
김교헌 (2008). 마음챙김과 자기조절 그리고 지혜. 한국심리학회지 : 건강, 13(2), 285-306.
김영신, 박지영 (2006). 소비자소외감, 물질주의가 충동구매에 미치는 영향. 한국가정관리학회지, 24(3). 27-41.
김천수, 노안영 (2013). 요가수련자의 자기초점적 주의와 심리적 안녕감 간의 관계에서 마음챙김의 매개효과. 상담학연구, 14(6), 3499-3516.
노지혜, 이민규, (2005). 학술발표 : 나는 왜 감사해야하는가?: 스트레스 상황에서 감사가 안녕감에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회 연차학술발표대회 논문집, 454-455.
류정희 (2012). 고등학생의 자아존중감, 외적 자기가치수반성과 심리적 안녕감, 주관적 안녕감의 관계. 한국심리학회 연차학술대회 논문집, 335-335.
문정순, 한규석 (2012). 마음챙김과 심리적 안녕감과의관계: 공상자각과 탈중심화의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 31(1), 93-110.
박남수 (2012). 사무직 근로자의 마음챙김, 스트레스, 자아존중감, 창의성, 소진, 조직몰입 사이의 관계에대한 구조 분석. 보건과 사회과학, 32, 93-114
박수애, 송관재 (2005). 사회적 불안이 개인의 심리적적응에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지 : 사회문제, 11(2), 1-29.
박은아 (2003). 신체존중감이 주관적 안녕감에 미치는영향에 관한 비교문화 연구: 한국과 미국 여대생을중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 22(2), 35-56.
박종효 (2012). 한국 성인의 용서와 주관적 안녕감 간의구조적 관계 탐색: 대인관계 신뢰의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 17(2), 415-432.
박혜민, 채규만 (2012). 마음챙김이 심리적 안녕감에 미치는 영향 : 정서조절방략의 매개효과. 인지행동치료, 12(3), 259-274.
배재홍, 장현갑 (2006). 한국형 마음챙김 명상에 기반한스트레스 감소 프로그램이 대학생의 정서반응에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회: 건강, 11(4), 675-690.
배현주, (2004). 결측값 대체방법에 대한 비교연구. 중앙대학교 대학원 석사학위 청구논문.
서성무 (2007). 명상 이론의 관점에서 본 물질주의와 웰빙, 소비문화연구, 10(4), 55-81.
소은희, 신희천 (2011). 감사가 주관적 안녕감에 미치는영향: 대인관계 기본 심리적 욕구 만족의 매개 효과. 상담학연구, 12(1), 159-175.
안혜원, 천성문 (2010). 싸띠명상이 중학생의 마음챙김, 심리적 수용 및 심리적 안녕감에 미치는 효과. 한국동서정신과학회지, 13(1), 1-17.
양혜승 (2006). 텔레비전 오락 프로그램 시청이 개인들의 물질주의적 가치관 및 삶과 사회에 대한 만족도에 미치는 영향. 한국방송학보, 20(4), 121-145.
유연재, 김완석 (2014). 마음챙김 소비 척도 개발과 타당화. 한국심리학회지: 소비자광고, 15(2), 307-331.
이봉건 (2008). 한국판 마음챙김명상(K-MBSR)이 대학생의 우울증상, 마음챙김수준 몰입수준에 미치는효과. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 27(1), 333-345.
이성수 (2008). 충동구매에서 성차. 물질주의와 인지적종결욕구를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 소비자광고, 9(3), 475-495.
이성준 (2014). 자비명상의 효과: 이타성과 안녕감. 아주대학교 일반대학원 박사학위청구논문.
이승헌, 유성모 (2007). 탐색적 방법을 통한 건강, 행복, 평화 척도(HSP-Q)의 개발. Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society, 9(5), 2161-2171
이용주 (2014). 마음챙김명상(K-MBSR)이 알코올 의존환자의 주관적 안녕감과 금주자기효능감에 미치는효과. 서울불교대학원 대학교 석사학위논문.
이우경, 방희정 (2008). 사회, 정서발달 : 성인기 여성의스트레스, 마음챙김, 자기-자애(慈愛), 심리적 안녕감 및 심리 증상 간의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 21(4), 127-146.
이은경, 이기학 (2005). 우울과 긍정적 정서가 주관적안녕감에 미치는 영향-신경증과 외향성 척도를 중심으로. 상담학연구, 6(2), 325-338.
이훈진, 원호택 (1995). 편집성 척도(Paranoia Scale)의신뢰도, 타당도 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 14(1), 83-94.
임영란, 최금봉 (2013). 마음챙김 명상프로그램이 간호대학생의 스트레스 지각, 우울 및 자아효감에 미치는 효과. 동서간호학연구지, 19(2) 104-113.
조명한, 차경호 (1998). 삶의 질에 대한 국가간 비교. 서울: 집문당.
조용래, 채숙희, 최연숙 (2009). 우울과 불안증상 및 안녕감에서 경험 회피와 마음챙김 주의 자각의 역할. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 28(4), 1135-1154.
홍희숙, 이수경 (2007). 탈물질주의 및 물질주의 가치에따른 웰빙 라이프스타일의 차이. 한국의류학회 학술대회논문집, 134.
Adler, M., & Fagley, N. S. (2005). Appreciation:Individual Differences in Finding Value and Meaning as a Unique Predictor of Subjective Well-Being. Journal of Personality. 73(1), 79-114.
Argyle, M. (1987). The Psychology of Happiness. London: Methuen.
Argyle, M. (2001/2005) 행복심리학 [The Psychology of Happiness]. (김동기, 김은미 역). 서울: 학지사 (원전은 2001에 출판).
Astin, J. (1997). Stress reduction through mindfulness meditation: Effects on psychological symptomatology, sense of control, and spiritual experiences. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 66, 97-106.
Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 125-143.
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment, 11, 191-206.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.
Baskin, T. W., & Enright, R. D. (2004). Intervention studies of forgiveness: A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling and Development, 82(1), 79-90.
Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Hutton, D. G. (1989). Self-Presentational Motivations and Personality Differences in Self-Esteem. Journal of Personality, 57(3), 547-579.
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. E. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1).
Bear, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27-45.
Belk, R. W. (1984). Three scales to measure constructs related to materialism: Reliability, validity, and relationships to measures of happiness. Advances In Consumer Research, 11, 291-297.
Belk, R. W. (1985). Materialism: trait aspects of living in the material world. Journal of Consumer Research, 12, 265-280.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A Proposed Operational Definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230-241.
Bluth, K., & Blanton, P. W. (2014). Mindfulness and self-compassion: Exploring pathways to adolescent emotional well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(7), 1298-1309.
Bodhi, B. (2000). A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma. Seattle. WA: BPS Pariyatti Editions.
Bollen, K. A., & Stein, R. A. (1992). Bootstrapping goodness-of-fit measures in structural equation models. Sociological Methods and Research, 21, 205-229.
Bowlin, S. L., & Baer, R. A. (2012). Relationships between mindfulness, self-control, and psychological functioning. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 411-415.
Brown, K. W., & Kasser, T. (2005). Are Psychological and Ecological Well-Being Compatible? The Role of Values, Mindfulness, and Lifestyle. Social Indicators Research, 74, 349- 368.
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-848.
Brown, K.W., Kasser, T., Ryan, R.M., & Konow, J. (2007). Materialism in the marketplace: The role of material resources and acquisition in subjective well-being. Unpublished manuscript, Virginia Commonwealth University
Brown, K. W., Kasser, T., Ryan, R. M., Alex, L. P., & Orzech, K. (2009). When what one has is enough: Mindfulness, financial desire discrepancy, and subjective well-being. Journal of Research in Personality. 43(5), 727-736.
Brown, K. W., Kasser, T., Ryan, R. M., & Konow, J. (2004). Having and being: Investigating the pathways from materialism and mindfulness to well-being. Unpublished data, University of Rochester
Brown, K. W., West, A. M., Loverich, T. M., & Biegel, G. M. (2011). Assessing adolescent mindfulness: Validation of an adapted mindfulness attention awareness scale in adolescent normative and psychiatric populations. Psychological Assessment, 23(4), 1023-1033. doi:10.1037/a0021338.
Buchheld, N., Grossman, P., & Walach, H. (2001). Measuring mindfulness in insight meditation (vipassana) andmeditation-based psychotherapy:the development of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Journal forMeditation and Meditation Research, 1, 11-34.
Burroughs, J. E., & Rindfleisch, A. (2002). Materialism and well-being: A conflicting values perspective. Journal of Consumer Research, 25, 348-370.
Campbell, A. (1976). Subjective measures of wellbeing. American Psychologist, 31(2), 117-124.
Campbell, A. (1981). The Sense of Well-Being in America. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Carlson, L. E. (2005). Impact of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction(MBSR) on Sleep, Mood, Stress, and Fatigue Symptoms in Cancer Outpatients. Behavioral Medicine, 12(4), 278-285.
Christopher A. P., Analise, O., & Penelope, J. D. (2013). The positive effects of mindfulness on self-esteem. Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(5), 376-386.
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001). Contingencies of self-worth. Psychological Review, 108, 593-623.
Davidson, R., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (2004). Response to letter by j. Smith. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66, 149-152.
Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being:Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31,103-157.
Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2002). Will money increase subjective well-being? A literature review and guide needed research. Social Indicators Research, 57, 119-169.
Diener, E., & Lucas, R. E. (2000). Explaining differences in societal levels of happiness:Relative standards, need fulfillment, culture, and evaluation theory. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1, 41-78.
Diener, E., Diener, M., & Diener, C. (1995). Factors predicting the subjective well-being of nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 653-663.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
Diener, E., Sandvik, E., Seidlitz, L., & Diener, M. (1993). The relationship between income and subjective well-being: Relative or absolute? Social Indicators Research, 28(3), 195-223
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Kim-Prieto, C., Biswas-Diener, R., & Tay, L. S. (2010). Unhappiness in South Korea: Why it is high and what might be done about it. 2010 한국심리학회연차학술대회 논문집, 1-23.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R., & Smith, H. (1999). Subjective well-being: three decades of progress, Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276-302.
Enright, R. D. (2001). Forgiveness is a choice. Washington, DC: APA Books.
Enright, R. D. (2012). The forgiving life: A pathway to overcoming resentment and creating a legacy of love. Washington, DC US: American Psychological Association.
Epstein, M. (1995). Thoughts Without a Thinker:Psychotherapy From a Buddhist Perspective(3rd ed.) Basic Books:New York.
Esty, A. (2004). The New Wealth of Nations. American Scientist, 92(6), 513.
Fein, S., & Spencer, S. J. (1997). Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through negative evaluations of others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 31-44.
Fornell, C., & Lacker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50.
Fornell, C., Tellis, G. J., & Zinkhan, G. (1982). Validity assessment: A structural equations approach using partial least squares. In Walker, B. J. et al.(eds). AMA educators’ proceedings, 405-409. Chicago:American Marketing Association.
Greco, L., Baer, R. A., & Smith, G. T. (2011). Assessing mindfulness in children and adolescents: Development and validation of the child and adolescent mindfulness measure (CAMM). Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 606-614.
Harrington, R., Loffredo, D. A., & Perz, C. A. (2014). Dispositional mindfulness as a positive predictor of psychological well-being and the role of the private self-consciousness insight factor. Personality and Individual Differences, 71, 15-18.
Hayes, A. M., & Feldman, G. (2004). Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 255-262.
Headey, B. W., & Wearing, A. J. (1992). Understanding Happiness. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire.
Headey, B. W., & Wearing, A. J. (1990). Subjective well-being and coping with adversity. Social Indicators Research, 22(4), 327-349.
Hee, K. L., Subramanian, P., Rahmat, N., & Phang, C. K. (2014). The effects of mindfulness training program on reducing stress and promoting well-being among nurses in critical care units. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31(3), 22-31.
Hölzela, B. K., Carmodyc, J., Vangela, M., Congletona, C., Yerramsettia, S. M., Garda, T., & Lazara, S. W. (2011). Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 191, 36-43.
Hollis-Walker, L., & Colosimo, K. (2011). Mindfulness, self-compassion, and happiness in non-meditator-A theoretical and empirical examination. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(2), 222-227.
Horney, K. (1937). The neurotic personality of our time. New York: Norton.
Jacob, J. C., & Brinkerhoff, M. .B. (1999). Mindfulness and subjective well-being in the sustainability movement: A further elaboration of multiple discrepancies theory. Social Indicators Research 46, 341-368.
Jingzhou, P., & Wenxia, Z. (2013). Can success lead to happiness? the moderators between career success and happiness. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 51(1), 63-80.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1998). 명상과 자기치유(상, 하)[Full catastrophe living] (장현갑, 김교헌 역. 서울: 학지사(원전은 1990에 출판).
Kabat-Zinn, J., Massiou, A. O., Kristeller, J., Peterson, L. G., Fletcher, K. E., Pbert, L. Lenderking, W. R., & Santorelli, S. F. (1992). Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 936-943.
Kashdan, T. B. (2007). Social anxiety spectrum and diminished positive experiences: Theoretical synthesis and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 348-365.
Kashdan, T. B., DeWall, C .N., Pond, R. S., Silvia, P. J., Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D. (2013). Curiosity protects against interpersonal aggression: Cross-sectional, daily process, and behavioral evidence. Journal of Personality, 81, 87-102.
Kasser, T. (2009). Can Buddhism and consumerism harmonize? A review of the psychological evidence. Journal of Religion and Culture, 2, 167-193.
Kernis, M. H., & Waschull, S. B. (1995). The interactive roles of stability and level of self-esteem: Research and theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 27, pp. 93-141). San Diego:Academic Press.
Kulananda, & Houlder, D. (2002). Mindfulness and money: The Buddhist path of abundance(1st ed.). New York: Broadway Books.
Lau, M. A., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L., Shapiro, S., Carmody, J., Abbey, S., & Devins, G. (2006). The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: development and validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(12), 1445-1467.
Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., & Suh, E. K. (1996). Discriminant validity of well-being measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(3), 616-628.
Magnus, K., & Diener, E. (1991). A longitudinal analysis of personality, life events, and subjective wellbeing. Paper presented at the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112-127.
Miller, J. J., Fletcher, K., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (1995). Three-year follow-up and clinical implications of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention in the treatment of anxiety disorders. General Hospital Psychiatry, 17(3), 192-200.
Morrison, A. S., & Heimberg, R. G. (2013). Social Anxiety and Social Anxiety Disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 249-274.
Mukerji, C. (1983). From Graven Images: Patterns of Modern Materialism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Neff, K. D. (2004). Self-compassion and psychological well-being. Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 9, 27-37.
Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. B., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 139-154.
Nyaniponika. (1973). The heart of Buddhist meditation. New York: Weiser Books.
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., & Schimel, J. (2004). Why Do People Need Self-Esteem? A Theoretical and Empirical Review. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 435-468.
Rasmussen, M. K., & Ridgeon, A. M. (2011). The direct and indirect benefits of dispositional mindfulness on self-esteem and social anxiety. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 24(2), 227-233.
Richins, M. L. (1987). Media, materialism, and human happiness. Advances in Consumer Research, 14, 352-356.
Richins, M. L., & Dawson, S. (1992). A consumer values orientation for materialism and its measurement: Scale development and validation. Journal of Consumer, 19, 303-316.
Rosenberg M. (1965). Society and adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.
Rothwell. C & Cohen, P (2013). Happiness is no laughing mater. Happiness Report. extracted from htp://www.petecohen.com in 02/14/04
Rubin, L.H. Witkiewitz, K. St. Andre, J. Reilly, S. (2007). Methods for handling missing data in the behavioral neurosciences. Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education, 5(2), A71-A77.
Sandvik, E., Diener, E., & Seidlitz, L. (1993). Subjective Well-Being: The Convergence and Stability of Self-Report and Non-Self-Report Measures. Journal of Personality, 61(3), 317-342.
Schimmack, U., Oishi, S., Furr, R. M., & Funder, D. C. (2004). Personality and life satisfaction: A facet-level analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(8), 1062-1075.
Seear, K., & Vellar-Brodrick, D. (2013). Efficacy of positive psychology interventions to increase well-being: Examining the role of dispositional mindfulness. Social Indicators Research, 114(3), 1125-1141.
Shapiro, L. S., Schwartz, E. G., & Bonner, G. (1998). Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Medical and Premedical Students. Journal of Behabioral Medicine, 21(6), 581-599
Shier, M.L., & Graham, J.R. (2011). Mindfulness, subjective well-being, and social work: Insight into their interconnection from social work practitioners. Social Work Education. 30(1), 29-44.
Suh, E. M. (2000). Self, the Hyphen between Culture and Subjective Well-being. in E. Diener, E. Suh (Eds.) Culture Subjective Well-being. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England.
Sulliavan, H. S. (1953). The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry. NY: Tavistock Publications Limited.
Tafarodi, R. W., & Swann, W.B. (1995). Self-liking and self-competence as dimensions of global self-esteem: initial validation of a measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65, 322-342.
Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a self-evaluation maintenance model of social behavior. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 21, pp. 181-227). New York:Academic Press.
Thompson, B. L., & Waltz, J. A. (2008). Mindfulness, self-esteem, and unconditional self-acceptance. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 26(2), 119-126.
Tsang, EWK. (2006). Behavioral assumptions and theory development: the case of transaction cost economics. Strategic Management Journal, 27(11), 999-1011.
Ward, S. L., & Wackman, D. B. (1971). Family and media influences on adolescent consumer learning. American Behavioral Scientist, 14, 415-427.
Watkins, E. (2004). Adaptive and maladaptive ruminative self-focus during emotional processing. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1037-1052.
Watson, D., Gameza, W., & Simms, L. J. (2005). Basic dimensions of temperament and their relation to anxiety and depression: A symptom-based perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 39(1), 46-66.
Zamir, D. R. (2012). Self-Esteem as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Mindfulness and Satisfaction with Life (Doctoral dissertation, Pacific University). Retrieved from:http://commons.pacificu.edu/spp/241