The Korean Journal of Health Psychology
- Log In/Sign Up
- KOREAN
- P-ISSN1229-070X
- E-ISSN2713-9581
- KCI
The Relationship Among College Students’ Maladaptive Self-Focused Attention, Social Anxiety, and Depression: The Moderating Effect of Reassurance Seeking
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relative influences of college students’ maladaptive self-focused attention and reassurance seeking concerning both social anxiety and depression; it is also, to examine the moderating effects of reassurance seeking on the relationship between maladaptive self-focused attention and social anxiety, and also, between maladaptive self-focused attention and depression. For the study, 481 students from 10 colleges in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Incheon and other areas were asked to complete questionnaires for the Scale for Dispositional Self-focused Attention in Social Situation (SDSAS), the Reassurance Seeking Scale (RSS), the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The results of this study are as follows; first, maladaptive self-focused attention, decision-making, social attachment were significant predictors of college students’ social anxiety, while maladaptive self-focused attention was the only significant predictor of college students’ depression. Second, reassurance seeking had a moderating effect on the relationship between maladaptive self-focused attention and social anxiety, but not on the relationship between maladaptive self-focused attention and depression. Based on the results of this study, the implications and limitations of this study as well as suggestions for future research were discussed.
- keywords
- maladaptive self-focused attention, reassurance seeking, social anxiety, depression, college students, 부적응적 자기초점주의, 재확인 추구, 사회불안, 우울, 대학생
Reference
김슬기, 장혜인 (2014). 불확실성에 대한 인내력 부족과지각된 부모의 과보호가 불안에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 19(4), 997-1020.
김영윤, 이은진, 김범준 (2011). 대학생의 자기애, 우울과 정신병질 성향과의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 여성, 16(1), 97-113.
김은정 (2014). 20대 청년층의 새로운 생애발달단계로서‘성인모색기’에 관한 탐색 연구. 담론 201, 17(3), 83-129.
김재희, 박은규 (2016). 청년의 성인초기 발달과업 성취유형이 사회적 고립감에 미치는 영향. 한국청소년연구, 27(3), 257-284.
김향숙 (2001). 사회공포증 하위유형의 기억 편향. 서울대학교 대학원 석사학위 청구논문.
김화영, 박기환 (2015). 부정적 및 긍정적 평가에 대한두려움과 사회불안의 관계에서 재확인 추구의 매개효과. 인지행동치료, 15(1), 137-153.
보건복지부, 서울대학교 의과대학 (2011). 2011 정신질환실태 역학조사. http://www.mohw.go.kr/front_new/jb/sjb030301vw.jsp?PAR_MENU_ID=03&MENU_ID=032901&CONT_SEQ=336979&page=1.에서2016. 11. 23 인출.
심은수, 이봉건 (2016). 자기초점주의와 사회불안의 관계에서 자기자비의 조절효과. 스트레스硏究, 24(2), 65-74.
옥주희, 김은정 (2015). 부정적 자기개념과 자기개념 명확성이 사회불안에 미치는 영향: 부적응적 자기초점적 주의의 매개효과. 인지행동치료, 15(3), 619-637.
원영주, 조성호 (2013). 자기초점적 주의가 사회적 상호작용 불안에 미치는 영향: 탈중심화의 매개효과. 인간이해, 34(2), 173-191.
이동훈, 함경애, 김지윤, 김민경, 정성원, 김정범 (2013). 성별에 따른 주요우울증의 DSM-IV 증상 연구. 재활심리연구, 20(3), 501-522.
이선주, 하은혜 (2010). 여자 청소년의 우울증상과 신체화 증상의 관계에서 인지적 요인의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 학교, 7(1), 55-68.
이소연, 신민섭, 김은정 (2010). 반추적, 반성적, 경험적자기초점화가 우울 기분에 미치는 영향. 인지행동치료, 10(1), 75-95.
이소연, 오인수 (2015). 평가염려 완벽주의와 내현적 자기애가 대학생의 발표불안에 미치는 관계: 사회적자기효능감과 부정적 평가두려움의 매개효과. 청소년학연구, 22(8), 53-75.
이영호, 송종용 (1991). BDI, SDS, MMIP-D 척도의 신뢰도 및 타당도에 대한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 10(1), 98-113.
이인혜 (2008). 자기초점주의가 자전기억의 과일반화와우울에 미치는 효과: 자기초점주의의 적응성과 부적응성. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 27(3), 633-651.
이지영 (2010). 자기초점적 주의 성향과 정신병리의 관계-적응적 대 부적응적 자기초점적 주의. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 29(2), 371-388.
이지영, 권석만 (2005). 자기초점적 주의 성향 척도의개발. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 24(2), 451-464.
이지영, 권석만 (2009). 사회불안과 자기초점적 주의 성향의 관계. 인지행동치료, 9(1), 39-55.
이혜림, 최윤경 (2012). 자전적 기억의 과일반화와 반추가 우울에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 31(2), 523-540.
장진이, 곽노은, 이지연 (2016). 청소년의 우울과 부적응적 자기초점주의, 정서조절, 거부민감성의 구조적관계. 청소년복지연구, 18(1), 285-304.
장하연, 조용래 (2012). 타인의 인정에 대한 과도한 요구 신념과 정서적 고통 감내력이 사회적 수행불안에 미치는 영향. 인지행동치료, 12(3), 299-313.
조은진, 손정락 (2016). 인지행동 집단치료 프로그램이대학생의 취업 스트레스, 역기능적 태도 및 우울에미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 35(1), 121-138.
최은숙, 김완일 (2014). 초기부적응도식과 우울과의 관계에서 자기개념명료성의 매개효과, 상담학연구, 15(1), 109-123.
최이순, 김영환 (1991). 우울증과 초점주의의 대상 및내용. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 10(1), 330-343.
함성민, 현명호 (2015). 자기초점 주의와 우울의 관계에서 반추적 반응양식에 의해 조절되는 자기비판의매개효과: 남녀차이를 중심으로. 스트레스硏究, 23(4), 225-235.
허연주, 이민규 (2015). 지각된 스트레스와 우울과의 관계에서 회피성 신념과 경험회피의 조절 효과. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 20(1), 193-211.
홍연근, 이경숙, 송호준, 백미숙 (2005). 자기초점주의, 특성불안, 자기효능감이 사회공포에 미치는 영향. 특수교육재확과학연구, 51(1), 267-286.
홍은지, 김정민, 한지영 (2016). 중년기 성인의 부적응적자기초점주의, 파국화 및 반추가 건강염려경향성에미치는 영향. 정서·행동장애연구, 32(2), 289-307.
Abramowitz, J. S., Schwartz, S. A., & Whiteside, S. P. (2002). A contemporary conceptual model of hypochondriasis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 77(12), 1323-1330.
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
American College Health Association (2012). National college health assessment II: Reference group executive summary. Hanover, MD: American College Health Association.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-5 (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Boden, M. T., John, O. P., Goldin, P. R., Werner, K., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2012). The role of maladaptive beliefs in cognitive-behavioral therapy: Evidence from social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(5), 287-291.
Bӧgels, S. M., & Lamers, C. T. J. (2002). The causal role of self-awareness in blushing-anxious, socially-anxious and social phobics individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(12), 1367-1384.
Brådvik, L. (2013). Last suicide attempt before completed suicide in severe depression: An extended suicidal process may be found in men rather than women. Archives of Suicide Research, 17(4), 426-433.
Byrow, Y., & Peters, L. (2017). The influence of attention biases and adult attachment style on treatment outcome for adults with social anxiety disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 217(1), 281-288.
Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Scheiern (Eds.), Social phobia diagnosis, assessment and treatment (pp. 69-93). New York: Guilford Press.
Cougle, J. R., Fitch, K. E., Fincham, F. D., Riccardi, C. J., Keough, M. E., & Timpano, K. R. (2012). Excessive reassurance seeking and anxiety pathology: Tests of incremental associations and directionality. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(1), 117-125.
Cuming, S., Rapee, R. M., Kemp, N., Abbott, M. J., Peters, L., & Gaston, J. E. (2009). A self-report measure of subtle avoidance and safety behaviors relevant to social anxiety: Development and psychometric properties. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(7), 879-883.
Davila, J. (2001). Refining the association between excessive reassurance seeking and depressive symptoms: The role of related interpersonal constructs. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20(4), 538-559.
Evraire, L. E., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2014). If it be love indeed tell me how much: Early core beliefs associated with excessive reassurance seeking in depression. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 46(1), 1-8.
Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. F. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 286-299.
Greenberg, J. (1999). Is the proposed role of excessive reassurance-seeking in depression excessive? Psychological Inquiry, 10(4), 291-293.
Haeffel, G. J., Voelz, Z. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2007). Vulnerability to depressive symptoms: Clarifying the role of excessive reassurance seeking and perceived social support in an interpersonal model of depression. Cognition and Emotion, 21(3), 681-688.
Hames, J. L., Hagan, C. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2013). Interpersonal processes in depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 355-377.
Havighurst, R. J. (1972). Developmental tasks and education(3rd ed.). New York: David McKay.
Hofmann, S. G. (2007). Cognitive factors that maintain social anxiety disorder: A comprehensive model and its treatment implication. Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 36(4), 193-209.
Ingram, R. E. (1990). Self-focused attention in clinical disorders: Review and a conceptual model. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 156-176.
Ingram, R. E., & Smith, T. W. (1984). Depression and internal versus external focus of attention. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 8(2), 139-151.
Joiner, T. E., & Metalsky, G. I. (2001). Excessive reassurance seeking: Delineating a risk factor involved in the development of depressive symptoms. Psychological Science, 12(5), 371-378.
Joiner, T. E., Metalsky, G. I., Katz, J., & Beach, S. R. (1999). Depression and excessive reassuranceseeking. Psychological Inquiry, 10(3), 269-278.
Joiner, T. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (1998). Excessive reassurance-seeking predicts depressive but not anxious reactions to acute stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(3), 533-537.
Karpyak, V. M., Biernacka, J. M., Geske, J. R., Abulseoud, O. A., Brunner, M. D., Chauhan, M., ... Onsrud, D. A. (2016). Gender‐specific effects of comorbid depression and anxiety on the propensity to drink in negative emotional states. Addiction, 111(8), 1366-1375.
Kashdan, T. B., & Roberts, J. E. (2004). Social anxiety's impact on affect, curiosity, and social self-efficacy during a high self-focus social threat situation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28(1), 119-141.
Katona, C., Cooper, C., & Robertson, M. (2015)Psychiatry at a glance (6th ed.). London:Wiley-Blackwell.
Leary, M. R. (2010). Social anxiety as an early warning system: A refinement and extension of the self-presentation theory of social anxiety. In S. G. Hofmann & P. M. DiBartolo (Eds.), Social anxiety: Clinical, developmental, and social perspectives (2nd ed.) (pp. 471-486). Burlington:Elsevier.
Levinson, D. J. (1978). The seasons of a man’s life. New York: Ballantine.
Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measure of social phobia and scrutiny and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(4), 243-257.
Mcmanus, F., Sacadura, C., & Clark, D. M. (2008). Why social anxiety persists: An experimental investigation of the role of safety behaviours as a maintaining factor. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39(2), 147-161.
Monfries, M. M., & Kafer, N. F. (1994). Private self-consciousness and fear of negative evaluation. Journal of Psychology, 128(4), 447-454.
Mörtberg, E., Hoffart, A., Boecking, B., & Clark, D. M. (2015). Shifting the focus of one's attention mediates improvement in cognitive therapy for social anxiety disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 43(1), 63-73.
Okajima, I., Kanai, Y., Chen, J., & Sakano, Y. (2009). Effects of safety behavior on the maintenance of anxiety and negative belief social anxiety disorder. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 55(1), 71-81.
Parrish, C. L., & Radomsky, A. S. (2010). Why do people seek reassurance and check repeatedly? An investigation of factors involved in compulsive behavior in OCD and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(2), 211-222.
Potthoff, J. G., Holahan, C. J., & Joiner, T. E. (1995). Reassurance seeking, stress generation, and depressive symptoms: An integrative model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4), 664-670.
Rector, N. A., Kamkar, K., Cassin, S. E., Ayearst, L. E., & Laposa, J. M. (2011). Assessing excessive reassurance seeking in the anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(7), 911-917.
Salkovskis, P. M. (1991). The importance of behaviour in the maintenance of anxiety and panic: A cognitive account. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 19(1), 6-19.
Shaver, P. R., Schachner, D. A., & Mikulincer, M. (2005). Attachment style, excessive reassurance seeking, relationship processes, and depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(3), 343-359.
Strahan, E. Y. (2003). The effects of social anxiety and social skills in academic performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(2), 347-366.
Watkins, E. R. (2016) Rumination focused cognitive behavioral therapy for depresstion. New York:Guilford Press.
Wells, A., Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P., Ludgate, J., Hackmann, A., & Gelder, M. (1996). Social phobia: The role of in-situation safety behaviors in maintaining anxiety and negative beliefs. Behavior Therapy, 26(1), 153-161.
Woody, S. R. (1996). Effects of focus of attention on anxiety levels and social performance of individuals with social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105(1), 61-69.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations