암묵적 알코올 기대 측정을 위한 알코올 관련 긍정 및 부정 DRM 단어목록 개발의 예비연구
A Pilot Study of Developing Alcohol-related Positive and Negative DRM Word Lists for Measuring Implicit Alcohol Expectancy
감기택 (강원대학교)
이인혜 (강원대학교)
초록
알코올 기대 이론에서 알코올 기대가 음주 행동을 예측한다. 인지에 관한 이중처리접근처럼 알코올 기대는 두 가지 경로로 행동에 영향을 미친다. 빠르고 연합적인 충동적 체계(impulsive system)는 무의식적이고, 자동적인 처리의 특징이 있는 반면, 느린 반영적 체계(reflective system)는 의식적인 숙고하기, 정서 조절, 그리고 결과의 예상에 대한 통제된 처리가 특징이다. 지속적이고, 반복적인 음주는 음주 행동과 음주 행동의 결과 간의 연합 또는 음주 행동과 단서 간의 연합을 만들고, 연합을 강화시킨다. 결국 반복적인 음주 경험으로 알코올 사용에 대한 생각들이 자동적으로 활성화될 수 있다. 즉, 반영적 체계보다는 충동적 체계가 행동을 더 자주 이끌 수 있다. 중독 연구에서는 이 두 체계의 불균형으로 인해 중독 행동이 시작되고, 유지되는 것으로 간주하고 있다. 암묵적 충동적 체계를 측정하는 여러 방법들이 있지만, 국내의 중독 연구에서 거의 사용되고 있지 않은 알코올 관련 DRM(Deese-Roediger-McDermott; Roediger & McDermott, 1995) 단어목록을 개발하고자 하였다. DRM 패러다임의 절차에 따라서 알코올과 관련된 5개의 긍정 단어목록과 5개의 부정 단어목록, 그리고 5개의 중립 단어목록을 만들었다. 대학생들을 대상으로 이렇게 만들어진 단어목록으로 실험을 하였다. 실험에서, 정확회상률, 오회상률, 정확재인률, 오재인율의 양상을 확인하였다. 정확회상율을 통해 초두효과와 최신효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 오회상율의 범위는 0～21.25%였고, 오재인률은 57.75%였다. 오기억의 크기가 다른 연구와 다소 차이가 있기는 하였지만, 개발된 DRM 단어목록이 오기억을 적절히 유발하는 것으로 여겨졌다. 본 연구의 자료는 암묵적 알코올 기대와 음주 행동 간의 관련성을 연구하기 위한 기초 자료로 제공될 것이다.
- keywords
- Alcohol, Addiction, False memory, Explicit alcohol expectancy, Implicit alcohol expectancy, DRM word list, 음주, 중독, 오기억, 외현적 알코올 기대, 암묵적 알코올 기대, DRM 단어목록
Abstract
Alcohol Expectancy on the effects of alcohol may predict alcohol use in Alcohol expectancy theory. Consistent with the dual-process approach on cognition, alcohol expectancy may influence behavior in two ways. The fast associative impulsive system is characterized by unconscious and automatic processing, whereas the slower reflective systems are characterized by controlled processes related conscious deliberations, emotion regulation, and expected outcomes. Persistent, repetitive experience with alcohol establishes and strengthens associations between the behavior and its outcomes or between a behavior and the cues. Finally, Thoughts on alcohol use are activated by specific cues through repetitive experiences with alcohol. In other words, impulsive systems rather than reflective systems may frequently guide behaviors. In addictional research, addictive behavior is thought to result in the imbalance of two systems. A variety of measures used in the evaluation of implicit impulsive system is exist But measurement of false memory using DRM paradigm(Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995) is not used. The current aim of this study is to develop alcohol-related DRM word lists used in the measurement of implicit alcohol expectancy. The DRM word lists is to consist of alcohol-related 5 positive word lists, alcohol-related 5 negative lists, and 5 neutral word lists. Then, experiments are administrated to college students. It was found that the primacy effect and the regency effect was in the correct recall rate of studied word lists. The incorrect recall rate of studied word lists ranged from 0% to 21.25%. The average rate of the incorrect recognition for critical lures was 57.5%. The rate of false memory were slightly different but it was considered that Alcohol-related DRM list led to false memory in this study. The data in this study will form a basis for future research.
- keywords
- Alcohol, Addiction, False memory, Explicit alcohol expectancy, Implicit alcohol expectancy, DRM word list, 음주, 중독, 오기억, 외현적 알코올 기대, 암묵적 알코올 기대, DRM 단어목록
참고문헌
권구영 (1999). 알코올 중독자의 가족 결속력, 적응력에 관한 연구. 가톨릭대학교 대학원 석사 학위 청구논문.
권효원, 김선경, 이혜원 (2006). 한글단어재인에서 단어빈도와 의미점화효과의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 실험, 18(3), 203-220.
김덕용, 이장한 (2008). 정서적 각성이 특질 불안자의기억 응고화에 미치는 영향. 한국자료분석학회, 10(2), 793-806.
김정수, 한상익, 김광수 (1994). 일차성 성인남자 알코올중독 입원환자의 우울 정도에 따른 임상양상 비교. 신경정신의학, 33(5), 1013-1033.
김종성, 오미경, 박병강, 이민규, 김갑중, 오장균 (1999). 한국에서 Alcohol use disorders identification test(AUDIT)를 통한 알코올리즘의 선별기준. 대한가정의학회지, 20(9), 1152-1159.
김종성, 박병강, 조영채, 오미경, 김갑중, 오장균 (2001). 알코올의존 환자들의 병식 상태와 퇴원 후 1년간단주 성적의 관련성. 가정의학회지, 22(7), 1052-1066.
김현정 (2008). DRM 패러다임에서 정서가 오기억에 미치는 영향. 성균관대학교. 석사학위 청구논문.
박영신 (2005). DRM 패러다임에서 정서가 실제 기억과오 기억에 미치는 영향. 가톨릭대학교 대학원 박사학위 청구논문.
박은영, 김영환 (2005). 외현적, 암묵적 알코올기대와 음주행동 간의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 24(4), 831-848.
박태진 (2004). 한국어 단어의 연상 빈도 및 심상가 조사. 한국심리학회지: 실험, 16(2), 237-260.
보건복지부 (2016). 2016년도 정신질환 실태 역학조사. 보건복지부.
심주식, 김홍근, 김용숙 (2012). 만성 알코올 중독성 기억장애의 세부적 특성에 관한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 11(1), 165-179.
양승애, 서경현 (2018). 대학생의 특성불안과 스트레스반응, 알코올의 긴장완화 기대 및 문제음주 간의관계. 청소년학연구, 25(4), 105-123.
우재희 (2013). 여성알코올중독자의 외상경험과 재발위험성의 관계에서 문제중심대처, 정서중심대처, 음주기대의 매개효과. 한국콘텐츠학회논문지, 13(4), 230-238.
이은, 안석균, 정승용, 박진영, 이수정, 남궁기 (2005). 알코올 의존 환자의 알코올 관련 자극에 대한 암묵적 정서 평가. 신경정신의학, 44(3), 334-341.
전철인, 이영렬, 이은, 이재원, 이수정, 양석권, 박진영(2010). 알코올 의존 환자에서 사진 자극과 문자자극에 대한 암묵적 연상검사 결과 비교. 중독정신의학, 14(2), 70-76.
정민지, 성지은, 심현섭 (2015). 단어회상 과제에서 지연유무 및 계열위치에 따른 정상 노인과 경도인지장애 노인 간 차이 연구. 재활복지, 19(1), 263-280.
채숙희, 오수성 (2006). 역기능적 태도, 음주기대, 음주촉진신념과 알코올의존 재발가능성의 관계: 우울의매개효과. 인지행동치료, 6(2), 179-196.
최승원, 박은혜, 허지원, 안귀여루, 정선용, 황의완, 안창일, 김현택 (2004). 알츠하이머형 치매 진단도구로써 한국판 캘리포니아 언어학습검사(K-CVLT)의효용성 연구. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 9(4), 853-867.
최윤경 (2009). 외상 관련 DRM 목록의 개발. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 28(3), 929-942.
최윤정, 이장한 (2012). 평가적 조건화가 알코올에 대한음주자의 암묵적 태도에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 31(4), 869-882.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(5th ed.). Wadhington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub.
Atkins, A. S., & Reuter-Lorenz, P. A. (2008). False working memories? Semantic distortion in a mere 4 seconds. Memory and Cognition, 36(1), 74-81.
Babor, T.F., de la Fuente, J. R., Saunders, J., & Grant, M. (1989). AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidlines for Use in Primary Health Care. Geneva: Worl Health Organization
Bechara, A., Noel, X., & Crone, E. A. (2006). Loss of willpower: Abnormal neural mechanisms of impulse control and decision making in addiction. In R. W. Wiers, & A. W. Stacy(Eds.), Handbook of implicit cognition and addiction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Berridge, K. C. (2001). Reward learning:Reinforcement, incentives and expectations. Psychology of Learning and Motivation. 40, 223-278.
Bordnick, P. S., & Schmitz, J. M. (1998). Cocaine craving: An evaluation across treatment phases. Journal of Substance Abuse, 10, 9-17.
Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2007). Affective Norms for English words(ANEW): Instructional manual and affective ratings. Technical Report C-1, The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida.
Brown, S. E., & Yalom, I. (1995). Treating alcoholism, San Francisco, CA, US: Jossey-Bass.
Carey, K. B. (1995). Alcohol related expectancies predict quantity and frequency of heavy drinking among college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 9, 236-241.
Carter, B. L., & Tiffany, S. T. (1999). Meta-analysis of cue-reactivity in addiction research. Addiction, 94, 327-340.
Chen, M., Grube, J. W., & Madden, P. A. (1994)Alcohol expectancies and adolescent drinking:Differential prediction of frequency, quantity, and intoxication. Addictive Behaviors, 19, 521-529.
Christiansen, B. A., Smith, G. T., Roehling, P. V., & Goldman, M. S. (1989). Using alcohol expectancies to predict adolescent drinking behavior after one year. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 93-99.
Coane, J. H., McBride, D. M., Raulerson, B., 3rd, & Jordan, J. S. (2007). False memory in a shortterm memory task. Experimental Psychology, 54(1), 62-70.
Colder, C. R., O’Connor, R. M., Read, J. P., Eiden, R. D., Lengua, L. J., Hawk, L. W., & Wieczorek, W. F. (2014). Growth trajectories of alcohol information processing and associations with escalation of drinking in early adolescence. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28(3), 659-670.
Corson, Y., & Verrier, N. (2007). Emotions and false memories: Valence or arousal? Psychological Science, 18(3), 208-211.
Cranford, J. A., Zucker, R. A., Jester, J. M., Puttler, L., I., & Fitzgerald, H. E. (2010). Parental alcohol involvement and adolescent alcohol expectancies predict alcohol involvement in male adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24(3), 386-396.
Deese, J. (1959). On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 17-22.
Dickson, J. M., Gately, C., & Field, M. (2013). Alcohol dependent patients have weak negative rather than strong positive implicit alcohol associations. Psychopharmacology, 228(4), 603-10.
Donovan, D. E., & Chaney, E. F., (1985). “Alcoholic relapse prevention and intervention” in Relapse Prevention: Maintenance Strategies. In G. A. Marlatt, & J. R. Gordon(Eds.), The Treatment of Addictive Behavior, New York: The Guilford Press.
Dunn, M. E., & Goldman, M. S. (1998). Age and drinking-related differences in the meory organization of alcohol expectancies in 3rd-, 6th-, 9th-, and 12th-grade children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 579-585.
Flowers, Q., Elder, I. R., Voris, J., Sebastian, P. S., Blevins, O., & Dubois, J. (1993). Daily cocaine craving in a 3-week inpatient treatment program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 292-297.
Fromme, K., & D’Amico, E. J. (2000). Measuring adolescent alcohol outcome expectancies. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 14, 206-212.
George, M. S., Anton, R. F., Bloomer, C., Teneback, C., Drobes, D. J., & Lorberbaum, J. P. (2001). Activation of prefrontal cortex and anterior thalamus in alcohol subjects on exposure to alcohol specific cues. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 345-352.
Goldberg, J. H., Halpen-Felsher, B. L., & Millstein, S. G. (2002). Beyond invulnerability: The importance of benefits in adolescents’ decision to drink alcohol. Health Psychology, 21(5), 477-484.
Goldman, M. S., & Darkes, J. (2004). Alcohol expectancy multiaxial assessment: A memory network-based approach. Psychological Assessment, 16(1), 4-15.
Goldman, M. S., Del Boca F. K., & Darkes, J. (1999). Alcohol expectancy theory: the application of cognitive neuroscience. In H. Blane, & K. Leonard(Eds.), Psychological Theories of Drinking and Alcoholism (pp. 203-246), New York: Guilford Press.
Goodman, G. S., Ogle, C. M., Block, S. D., Harris, L. S., Larson, R. P., Augusti, E. Cho, Y., Beber, J., Timmer, S., & Urqiza, A. (2011). False memory for trauma-related Deese-Roediger-McDermott lists in adolescents and adults with histories of child sexual abuse. Developmental and Psychopathology, 23, 423-438.
Gordon, S. M., Sterling, R., Siatkowski, C., Raively, K., Weinstein, S., & Hill, P. C. (2006). Inpatient desire to drink as a predictor of relapse to alcohol use following treatment. American Journal on Addictions, 15, 242-245.
Howe, M. L., & Derbish, M. H. On the susceptibility of adaptive memory to false memory illusions. Cognition, 115(2), 252-267.
Houben, K., & Wiers, R. (2006). Assessing implicit alcohol associations with the implicit association test: Fact or artifact? Addictive Behaviors, 31, 1346-1362.
Jajodia, A., & Earleywine, M. (2003). Measuring alcohol expectancies with the implicit association test. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17, 126−133.
Jester, J. M., Steinberg, D. B., Heitzeg, M. M., & Zucker, R. A. (2015). Coping expectancies, not enhancement expectancies, mediate trauma experience effects on problem alcohol use: A prospective study from early childhood to adolescence. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 76(5), 781-789.
Jones, B. T., Corbin, W., & Fromme, K. (2001). A review of expectancy theory and alcohol consumption. Addiction, 91, 57-72.
Jou, J., Matus, Y. E., Aldbridge, J. W., Rogers, D. M., & Zimmerman, R. L. (2004). How similar is false recognition to veridical recognition objectively and subjectively? Memory and Cognition, 32(5), 824-840.
Kensinger, E. A., & Corkin, S. (2004). Two routes to emotional memory: Distinct neural processes for valence and arousal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United Stares of America, 101(9), 3310-3315.
Klatzky, R. L. (1980). Human memory: Structure and processes. San Francisco: Freeman.
Lee, N. K., Greely, J., & Oei, T. P. A. (1999). The relationship of positive and negative alcohol expectancies to patterns of consumption of alcohol in social drinkers. Addictive Behaviors, 24, 359-369.
Leigh, B. C. (1987). Evaluations of alcohol expectancies: Do they add to prediction of drinking patterns? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 1(3), 135-139.
Leigh, B. C. (1989). In search of the seven dwarves:issues of measurement and meaning in alcohol expectancy research. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 361-373.
Leigh, B. C., & Stacy (1993). Alcohol outcome expectancies: Scale construction and predictive utility in higher order confirmatory models. Psychological Assessment, 5, 216-229.
Leigh, B. C., & Stacy (1998). Individual differences in memory associations involving the positive and negative outcomes of alcohol consumption. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 12, 39-46.
Leigh, B. C., & Stacy, A. W. (2004). Alcohol expectancies and drinking in different age groups. Addiction, 99, 215-227.
Lishman, W. A. (1981). Cerebral disorder in alcoholism: Syndromes of impairment. Brain, 104, 1-20.
Litt, M. D., Cooney, N. L., & Morse, P. (2000). Reactivity to alcohol-related stimuli in the laboratory and in the field: predictors of craving in treated alcoholics. Addiction, 95, 889-260.
Ludwig, A. M. (1985) Cognitive processes associated with 'spontaneous' recovery from alcoholism. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 46, 53-58.
Mahoney, B. J., Graham, D., Cottrell, D., & Kim, K. (2012). South Korean alcohol free associations:Negative expectancy not predicting drinks per occasion. Drug and Alcohol Review, 31, 469-476.
Mann, L. M., Chassin, L., & Sher, K. J. (1987). Alcohol expectancies and the risk for alcoholism. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 411-417.
MacKillop, J., & Lisman, S. A. (2007). Examining the effect of perceived availability on craving for alcohol: A quasi-experimental approach. Addiction Research and Theory, 15, 231-245.
McMahon, J., Jones, B. T., & O’Donnell, P. (1994). Comparing positive and negative expectancies in male and female social drinkers. Addiction Research, 1, 349-365.
Mehrabian, A., & Russel, J. A. An approach to environmental psychology. Cambridge, MA, US:The MIT Press.
Mooney, D. K., Fromme, K., Kivlahan, D. R., & Marlatt, G. A. (1987). Correlates of alcohol consumption: Sex, age, and expectancies relate differentially to quantity and frequency. Addictive Behaviors, 12, 235-240.
Park, K., & Chang, H. (2018). Positive Urgency and Alcohol Consumption Among College Students:The Moderating Effects of Alcohol Expectancies and Working Memory Capacity. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37(3), 263-275.
Patel, A. B., & Fromme, K. (2010). Explicit outcome expectancies and substance use: Current research and future directions. In L. Scheier(Eds.), Handbook of drug use etiology: Theory, method and empirical findings(pp. 147-464). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
Pesta, B. J., Murphy, M., & Sanders, R. (2001). Are emotionally charged lures immune to false memory? Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory and Cognition, 27, 328-338.
Piesters, S., van der Vorst, H., Engels, R. C., & Wiers, R. W. (2010). Implicit and explicit cognitions related alcohol use in children. Addictive Behaviors, 35(5), 471-478.
Reich, R. R., & Goldman, M. S., & Noll, J. A. (2004). Using the false memory paradigm to test two key elements of alcohol expectancy theory. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 12, 102-110.
Reich, R. R., & Goldman, M. S. (2005). Exploring the alcohol expectancy memory network: the utility of free associates. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19, 317-325.
Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 803-814.
Roediger, H. L., Watson, J. M., McDermott, K. B., & Gallo, D. A. (2001). Factors that determine false recall: A multiple regression analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 8, 385-407.
Rooke, S. E., Hine, D. W., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (2008). Implicit cognition and substance use: A meta-analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 33(10), 1314-1328.
Rothermund, K., & Wentura, D. (2004). Underlying processes in the implicit association test:Dissociating salience from associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(2), 139-165.
Satel, S. L., Price, L. H., Palumbo, J. M., McDougle, C. J., Krystal, J. H., Gawin, F., Chamey, G. R., & Kleber, H. D. (1991). Clinical phenomenology and neurobiology of cocaine abstinence: A prospective inpatient study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1712-1716.
Sher, K. J., Wood, M. D., Wood, P. K., & Raskin, G. (1996). Alcohol outcome expectancies and alcohol use: A latent variable cross-lagged panel study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105(4), 561-574.
Smit, K., Voogt, C., Hiemstra, M., Kleinjan, M., Otten, R., & Kuntsche, E. (2018). Development of alcohol expectancies and early alcohol use in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 60, 136-146.
Stacy, A. W. (1997). Memory activation and expectancy as prospective predictors of alcohol and marijuana use. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 61−73.
Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 220-247.
Tiffany, S. T. (1990). A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: Role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Psychological Review, 97, 147-168.
Tomas, S. E., Grobes, D. J., & Deas, D. (2005). Alcohol cue reactivity in alcohol-dependent adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 66, 354-360.
Thush, C., & Wiers, R. W. (2007). Explicit and implicit alcohol-related cognitions and the prediction of future drinking in adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 327(7), 1367-1383.
Wiers, R. W., vanWoerden, N., Smulders, F. T. Y., & De Jong, P. J. (2002). Implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in heavy and light drinkers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 648-658.
Wiers, R. W., Bartholow, B. D., van den Wildenberg, E., Thush, C., Engels, R., Sher, K. J., Grenard, J. L., Ames, S. L., & Stacy, A. W. (2007). Automatic and controlled processes and the development of addictive behaviors in adolescents: A review and a model. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 86, 263-283.
Wiers, R. W., Van de Luitgaarden, J., van den Wildenberg, E., & Smulders, F. (2005). Challenging implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in young heavy drinkers. Addiction, 100, 806−819.
World Health Organization. (2011). Global status report on alcohol and health. Geneva: World Health Organization.
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
- 0KCI 피인용수
- 0WOS 피인용수