The objectives of this study were The objectives of this study were to identify mediating effect of depression on relationship between university students’ life stress and suicidal ideation, find whether self-compassion would moderate the relationship between life stress and suicidal ideation, and finally examine moderating effect of self-compassion on relationship among life stress, depression, and suicidal ideation. University students in Seoul, Gyeonggi Province, Chungbuk Province, and Daejun completed the survey composed of life stress scale, depression scale (CES-D), suicidal ideation scale, and self-compassion scale. Data from 386 students were used for final analysis. The results were as follows: first, university students’ life stress were positively associated with depression and suicidal ideation. Depression showed positive association with suicidal ideation whereas self-compassion were negatively associated with all the other variables. Secondly, partially mediating effect of depression on the process of university students’ life stress affecting suicidal ideation. Thirdly, self-compassion had moderating effect on depression affecting suicidal ideation. Lastly, self-compassion showed moderated mediating effect when life stress, mediated by depression, affected suicidal ideation. However, self-compassion did not show moderating effect on relationship between life stress and suicidal ideation. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed with suggestions for future studies.
권석만 (2016). 우울증 : 침체와 절망의 늪. 서울: 학지사.
강석화, 나동석. (2013). 대학생의 대학생활스트레스와자살생각의 관계에서 우울의 매개효과. 청소년학연구, 20(4), 49-71.
강재연, 장재홍. (2017). 마음챙김-자기자비 집단프로그램의 효과: 자기비판 성향을 지닌 대학생을 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 29(2), 335-356.
강준혁, 이근무, 이혁구 (2015). 자살관념 극복에 관한연구: 자살 고위험집단을 중심으로. 보건사회연구, 35(3), 103-134.
고은정 (2014). 자기자비와 자존감이 부정적 생활사건경험시 정서에 미치는 영향. 고려대학교 대학원 박사학위청구논문.
김경의, 이금단, 조용래, 채숙희, 이우경. (2008). 한국판자기-자비 척도의 타당화 연구: 대학생을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 13(4), 1023-1044.
김보영 (2008). 청소년 자살생각에 영향을 미치는 변인에 대한 메타분석. 전남대학교 대학원 석사학위청구논문.
김수빈, 정영주, 정영숙. (2017). 자기자비와 한국인의심리: 국내연구 메타분석. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 36(3), 325-358.
김윤희, 양명숙, 박희룡. (2015). 대학생의 생활스트레스와 자살생각 간의 관계 : 정신건강의 매개효과. 디지털융복합연구, 13(11), 291-301.
김종혁, 육성필. (2017). 초기성인의 충동성과 자살행동의 관계: 습득된 자살실행력과 사회적 지지의 조절된 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 29(3), 787-808.
노상선, 조용래, 최미경. (2014). 대학생의 자기 자비와생활 스트레스가 자살생각에 미치는 영향. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 735-757.
문동규, 김영희. (2011). 청소년의 자살생각과 관련된 유발변인의 메타회귀분석. 상담학연구, 12(3), 945.
민윤기 (2005). 대학생의 자살위험요인 지각과 자살생각평가. 學生生活硏究, 31, 31-52.
박광배, 신민섭 (1991). 고등학생의 지각된 스트레스와자살생각. 한국심리학회지 : 임상, 10, 298.
박선란 (2012). 대학생 자살생각에 영향을 미치는 요인. 경북대학교 대학원 석사학위청구논문.
박세란, 이훈진 (2015). 자기자비 증진 프로그램 개발및 효과 검증. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료,27(3), 583-611.
백선숙, 하은호, 류언나, 송미승. (2012). 대학생의 생활스트레스와 우울이 자살생각에 미치는 영향. Child Health Nursing Research, 18(4), 157-163.
송태민, 진달래, 송주영, 안지영, 조영하, (2013). 우리나라 세대별 자살 특성 분석. 보건정보통계학회지, 38(1), 122.
안세영, 김종학, 최보영. (2015). 대학생 자살생각 관련변인에 대한 메타분석. 한국심리학회지: 학교, 12(3), 385-405.
양경미, 방소연, 김순이. (2012). 대학생의 자살생각 영향요인. 스트레스연구, 20(1), 41-50.
양선미, 박경. (2015). 대학생의 우울이 자살생각에 미치는 영향: 자기자비의 매개효과. 청소년학연구, 22(8), 105-130.
유연화, 이신혜, 조용래. (2010). 자기 자비, 생활 스트레스, 사회적 지지와 심리적 증상들의 관계. 인지행동치료, 10(2), 43-59.
이선희, 전종설. (2012). 남·녀 청소년의 스트레스가 자살생각에 미치는 영향: 자아존중감의 조절효과를중심으로. 사회과학연구논총, 28, 173-202.
이은희. (2004). 대학생들이 경험하는 생활스트레스와우울: 공변량 구조모형을 통한 대처방식의 조절효과 검증. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 9(1), 25-48.
이지영 (2007). 대학생 자살생각에 영향을 미치는 심리사회적 요인에 관한 연구. 공주대학교 대학원 석사학위청구논문.
전겸구, 김교헌, 이준석. (2000). 개정판 대학생용 생활스트레스 척도 개발 연구. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 5(2), 316-335.
전겸구, 최상진, 양병창, (2001). 통합적 한국판 CES -D 개발. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 6(1), 59-76.
전겸구. 김교헌 (1991). 대학생용 생활 스트레스 척도의개발 : 제어이론적 접근. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 10, 137.
전민 (2012). 청소년의 스트레스가 자살사고에 미치는영향. 아주대학교 대학원 석사학위청구논문.
정주리, 김은영, 최승애, 이유정, 김정기. (2015). 대학생활 스트레스와 자살생각 간의 관계: 실수염려 완벽주의, 사회적 지지, 우울을 매개로. 한국심리학회지:상담 및 심리치료, 27(2), 325-349.
정재훈 (2014). 우울, 회피 대처, 생존 및 대처 신념과자기 자비가 자살생각과 자살 의도에 미치는 영향. 한림대학교 대학원 석사학위청구논문.
지승희, 김명식, 오승근, 김은영, 이상석. (2008). 청소년자살 예방프로그램 및 개입방안 개발 서울: 한국청소년상담원.
주영, 이서정, 현명호. (2012). 스트레스와 자살사고의관계에서 삶의 의미, 감사의 중재효과. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 31(4), 1175-1192.
조용래 (2011). 자기 자비, 생활 스트레스 및 탈중심화가 심리적 건강에 미치는 효과. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30, 767-787.
최우경, 김진숙. (2012). 대학생의 생활스트레스와 자살생각과의 관계: 인지적 정서조절의 조절효과와 매개효과. 상담학연구, 13(1), 272.
최인재 (2014). 청소년의 학업스트레스와 자살생각과의관계에서 자아존중감의 매개효과 및 조절효과 분석. 청소년학연구, 21(10), 219-243.
홍영수, 전선영. (2005). 청소년의 생활스트레스가 자살생각에 미치는 영향과 우울의 매개효과. 정신보건과 사회사업, 19, 125-149.
통계청 (2018). 2017 사망원인통계.
OECD (2016). STAT Health Status Data..
Abdollahi, A., Abu Talib, M., Yaacob, S., & Ismail, Z. (2015). The Role of Hardiness in Decreasing Stress and Suicidal Ideation in a Sample of Undergraduate Students. Journal of Humanistic Psychology,55(2), 202-222.
Angela, B. B. (2007). An Ecological Risk Factor Examination of Depression and Suicide Ideation in African American Teenagers, Dissertations Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 68(4-B), 2638.
Baumeister, R., Campbell, J., Krueger, J., & Vohs, K. (2003). Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest,4(1), 1-44.
Baumeister, R., Smart, L., Boden, J., & Bjork, Robert A. (1996). Relation of Threatened Egotism to Violence and Aggression: The Dark Side of High Self-Esteem. Psychological Review,103(1), 5-33.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,51(6), 1173-1182.
Bishop, S., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N., Carmody, J., . . . Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A Proposed Operational Definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,11(3), 230-241.
Beaumont, E., Hollins, Martin, C.J., (2013). Using compassionate mind training as a resource in EMDR: a case study. J. EMDR Pract. Res 7, 186-189.
Beck, A., Kovacs, M., Weissman, A., Garfield, Sol L. (1979). Assessment of suicidal intention: The Scale for Suicide Ideation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,47(2), 343-352.
Beck, A., Weissman, A., Lester, D., Trexler, L., & Maher, Brendan A. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: The Hopelessness Scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,42(6), 861-865.
Bluth, & Eisenlohr-Moul. (2017). Response to a mindful self-compassion intervention in teens: A within-person association of mindfulness, selfcompassion, and emotional well-being outcomes. Journal of Adolescence, 57, 108-118.
Cole-King A, Green G, Gask L, Hines K, Platt S. (2013). Suicide mitigation: a compassionate approach to suicide prevention. Adv Psychiatric Treat 19, 276-283.
Cole-King, & Platt. (2017). Suicide prevention for physicians: Identification, intervention and mitigation of risk. Medicine,45(3), 131-134.
Collett, Pugh, Waite, & Freeman. (2016). Negative cognitions about the self in patients with persecutory delusions: An empirical study of self-compassion, self-stigma, schematic beliefs, self-esteem, fear of madness, and suicidal ideation. Psychiatry Research,239, 79-84.
Crocker, J., Park, L., & Cooper, Harris. (2004). The Costly Pursuit of Self-Esteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 392-414.
Curran, P., West, S., Finch, J., & Appelbaum, Mark I. (1996). The Robustness of Test Statistics to Nonnormality and Specification Error in Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Psychological Methods,1(1), 16-29.
DeLongis, A., Coyne, J., Dakof, G., Folkman, S., Lazarus, R., & Stone, George C. (1982). Relationship of daily hassles, uplifts, and major life events to health status. Health Psychology,1(2), 119-136.
Diedrich, a., Grant, M., Hofmann, S. G., Hiller, W., & Berking, M. (2014). Self-compassion as an emotion regulation strategy in major depressive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 58, 43-51.
Germer, C. K., & Siegel, R. (2012). Wisdom and compassion: Two wings of a bird. In C. K. Germer & R. D. Siegel (Eds.), Compassion and widom in psychotherapy (pp. 7-34). New York:The Guilford Press.
Ge, X., Lorenz, F. O., Conger, R. D., Elder, G. H., & Simons, R. L. (1994). Trajectories of Stressful Life Events and Depressive Symptoms during Adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 30(4), 467-83.
Gilbert, P. (2000a). Social mentalities: Internal 'social'conflicts and the role of inner warmth and compassion in cognitive therapy. In P. Gilbert and K. G. Bailey (Ed)., Genes on the Couch:Explorations in Evolutionary Psychotherapy (pp. 118-150). Hove, UK: Brunner-Routledge.
Gilbert, P. Procter, S., (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clin. Psychol. Psychotherapy 13, 353-379.
Gilbert, P. (2007). Psychotherapy and counselling for depression (3rd ed., Counselling in practice). Los Angeles; London: SAGE.
Gilbert, P. (2010). Compassion focused therapy:Distinctive features (The CBT distinctive features series). London; New York: Routledge.
Harris, E., & Barraclough, B. (1997). Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 205-28.
Hayes, A. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (Methodology in the social sciences). New York: The Guilford Press.
Hendin, H. (1987). Youth suicide: A psychosocial perspective. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 17, 151-Threatening Behavior, 1987, 17(2), p.151-65.
Hollis-Walker, L., & Colosimo, K. (2011). Mindfulness, self-compassion, and happiness in non-meditators: A theoretical and empirical exam-ination Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 222-227.
Johnson, E. A., & O'Brien, K. A. (2013). Self-compassion soothes the savage EGO-threat system: Effects on negative affect, shame, rumi-nation, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(9), 939-963.
Joiner, T. (2005). Why people die by suicide. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Kessler, R. C., Borges, G., & Walters, E. E. (1999). Prevalence of and risk factors for lifetime suicide attempts in the national comorbidity survey. JAMA Psychiatry, 56, 617-626.
Kessler, R., Price, R., &Wortman, C. (1985). Social Factors in Psychopathology: Stress, Social Support, and Coping Processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 36(1), 531-572.
Lazarus, R. S, (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
Macbeth, & Gumley. (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 545-552.
McKay, M., & Fanning, P. (2005). Self-esteem.. New:Harbinger Publications.
Mayhew, S., Gilbert, P., (2008). Compassionate mind training with people who hear malevolent voices. A case series report. Clin. Psychol. Psychother, 15, 113-138.
McLean J, Maxwell M, Platt S, et al (2008) Risk and Protective Factors for Suicide and Suicide Behaviour: A Literature Review. Scottish Government.
Neff, K. (2003a). Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101.
Neff, K. (2003b). The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250.
Neff, K. (2009). The Role of Self-Compassion in Development: A Healthier Way to Relate to Oneself. Human Development, 52(4), 211-214.
Neff, K. D (2016a). The self-compassion scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion. Mindfulness, 7, 264-274.
Neff, K., & Germer, C. (2013). A Pilot Study and Randomized Controlled Trial of the Mindful Self-Compassion Program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 28-44.
Neff, K., Hsieh, Y., & Dejitterat, K. (2005). Self-compassion, Achievement Goals, and Coping with Academic Failure. Self and Identity, 4(3), 263-287.
Neff, Kirkpatrick, & Rude. (2007a). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 139-154.
Neff, K. D., Rude, S. S., & Kirkpatrick, K. (2007b). An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 908-916.
Neff, K., Pisitsungkagarn, K., & Hsieh, Y. (2008). Self-Compassion and Self-Construal in the United States, Thailand, and Taiwan. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(3), 267-285.
Neff, K., & Pommier, E. (2012). The Relationship between Self-compassion and Other-focused Concern among College Undergraduates, Community Adults, and Practicing Meditators. Self and Identity, 1-17.
O' Carroll, P. W., Berman, A. L., Maris, R. W., Moscicki, E. K., Tanney, B. L., & Silverman, M. M. (1996). Beyond the Tower of Babel: A Nomenclature for Suicidology. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 26 (3), 237-Threatening Behavior, 1996, Vol.26(3), p.237-52.
Pauley, G., & McPherson, S. (2010). The experience and meaning of compassion and self- compassion for individuals with depression or anxiety. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 83, 129-143.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
Raes, F. (2011). The effect of self-compassion on the development of depression symptoms in a nonclinical sample. Mindfulness, 2, 33-36.
Rockliff, H., Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Lightman, S., Glover, D., (2008). A pilot explora-tion of heart rate variability and salivary cortisol response to compassion-focused imagery. Clin. Neuropsychiatry 5, 132-139.
Rockliff, Helen, Karl, Anke, Mcewan, Kirsten, Gilbert, Jean, Matos, Marcela, Gilbert, Paul, & Phelps, Elizabeth A. (2011). Effects of Intranasal Oxytocin on 'Compassion Focused Imagery'. Emotion, 11(6), 1388-1396.
Runeson, B. S., Beskow, J., & Waern, M. (1996). The suicidal process in suicides among young people. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 93, 35-42.
Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014)Positive psychology: An introuduction: Springer.
Shaffer, D., & Gould, M. S. (1987). Progress report:Study of completed and attempted suicides in adolescents. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Mental Health. Contract No. R01-MH-38198.
Shapira, L. B., & Mongrain, M. (2010). The benefits of self-compassion and optimism exercises for individuals vulnerable to depression. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 377-389.
Skrove, Romundstad, & Indredavik. (2013). Resilience, lifestyle and symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescence: The Young-HUNT study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(3), 407-16.
Tanaka, Masako, Wekerle, Christine, Schmuck, Mary Lou, & Paglia-Boak, Angela. (2011). The Linkages among Childhood Maltreatment, Adolescent Mental Health, and Self-Compassion in Child Welfare Adolescents. Child Abuse &Neglect: The International Journal, 35(10), 887-898.
Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a self- evaluation maintenance model of social behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 181-227.
Tesser, A. (2000). On the Confluence of Self-Esteem Maintenance Mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(4), 290-299.
Van Orden, K., Witte, T., Cukrowicz, K., Braithwaite, S., Selby, E., Joiner, T., & Rayner, Keith. (2010). The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2), 575-600.