The Korean Journal of Health Psychology
- KOREAN
- P-ISSN1229-070X
- E-ISSN2713-9581
- KCI
Differential Effect Mechanisms of the Mindfulness and Loving-Kindness & Compassion on Altruistic Behavior: Focusing on Cognitive Empathy and Affective Empathy
Abstract
Mindfulness, and loving-kindness and compassion (LKC) can all affect the altruistic behavior in different ways. In this study, a research model was established in which two variables were mediated by different empathy on altruistic behavior and compared with three competitive models. To compare the influence of the mindfulness and the influence of the LKC on the altruistic behavior, the mediation path analysis was conducted. As a result of the analysis, the model fit of the research model in which mindfulness predicts altruistic behavior through cognitive empathy or dual mediation of cognitive empathy and emotional empathy, and LKC predicts altruistic behavior through affective empathy was significant. It was better than the three competition models. Furthermore, through the mediation path analysis, it was confirmed that the indirect path for LKC to predict altruistic behavior through affective empathy was stronger than the two pathways for mindfulness to predict altruistic behavior. This study showed that mindfulness and LKC have different mechanisms for altruistic behavior, and in particular, that LKC has great predictive power on altruistic behavior than mindfulness. Finally, the limitations of this study and future research directions are described.
- keywords
- Mindfulness, Loving-kindness & Compassion, Cognitive empathy, Affective empathy, Altruistic behavior, 마음챙김, 자비심, 인지적 공감, 정서적 공감, 이타행동
Reference
권선중, 김교헌 (2007). 한국판 마음챙김 주의 알아차림척도(K-MAAS)의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지:건강, 12(1), 269-287.
김성일 (2010). 청소년을 위한 정의적 공감검사의 타당화. 청소년학연구, 17(11), 1-25.
김완석, 신강현 (2014). 아주 연민사랑척도 개발:Sprecher와 Fehr의 Compassionate Love Scale의한국판 단축형. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 19(1), 407-420.
김완석, 신강현, 김경일 (2014). 자비명상과 마음챙김명상의 효과비교: 공통점과 차이점. 한국심리학회지:건강, 19(2), 509-535.
김정모 (2011). 마음챙김에 기초한 인지치료가 공감 능력에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 23(1), 27-45.
김정호 (2004). 마음챙김이란 무엇인가: 마음챙김의 임상적 및 일상적 적용을 위한 제언. 한국심리학회지:건강, 9(2), 511-538.
김혜리, 정명숙, 손정우, 박민, 엄진섭, 문은옥, 천영운, 최현숙, 이수미 (2013). 아동의 인지적· 정서적 공감능력과 사회적 행동 간의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 26(1), 255-275.
민문경, 이나빈, 안현의 (2015). 공감 능력이 사회 정의실천에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 21(4), 575-594.
박도현, 김완석 (2015). 아주 사무량심 척도 (AFIS)의개발과 타당화. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 20(4), 821-838.
박성현 (2015). 자비는 나와 이웃을 이롭게 하는가? 박찬욱, 윤희조, 한자경, 미산, 김재성, 차상엽, 이정기, 박성현 (편). 자비, 깨달음의 씨앗인가 열매인가(pp. 259-301). 서울: 운주사.
박성희 (2004). 공감학: 어제와 오늘. 서울: 학지사.
배정은, 신희천, 이민규 (2010). 원만성이 용서 동기에미치는 영향: 인지적 공감과 정서적 공감의 매개과정. 상담학연구, 11(1), 111-123.
성웅현 (2001). 회귀분석. 파주: 법문사.
심지은, 윤호균 (2008). 상담자 교육에서의 마음챙김 적용. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 13(2), 307-328.
이성준 (2014). 자비명상의 효과: 이타성과 안녕감. 아주대학교 일반대학원 박사학위청구논문.
이성준, 박도현, 김완석 (2011). 마음챙김이 공감에 미치는 효과. 한국명상치유학회지, 2(1), 47-61.
장용희 (2014). 대학생의 이타행동과 관련변인들 간의구조적 관계 분석. 충북대학교 일반대학원 박사학위청구논문.
장지현, 김완석 (2014). 단기 자비명상이 자비심과 이타행동에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 20(2), 89-105.
정영숙 (1999). 친밀성이 이타행동에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 12(2), 106-116.
한국명상학회 (2018). 명상과학의 입문: 치유와 성장을위한 명상. 경산: 정문출판사.
허재홍, 이찬종 (2010). 공감지수 (EQ) 척도의 심리측정속성. 인문과학연구, 24, 183-200.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411.
Bal-Tal, D., & Raviv, A. (1979). Consistency of helping behavior measures. Child Development, 50, 1235-1235.
Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 163-175.
Batson, C. D., & Ahmad, N. (2001). Empathyinduced altruism in a prisoner's dilemma II:What if the target of empathy has defected? European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(1), 25-36.
Batson, C. D., Batson, J. G., Slingsby, J. K., Harrell, K. L., Peekna, H. M., & Todd, R. M. (1991). Empathic joy and the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3), 413-426.
Batson, C. D., Lishner, D. A., Carpenter, A., Dulin, L., Harjusola-Webb, S., Stocks, E. L., ..., & Sampat, B. (2003). “... As you would have them do unto you”: Does imagining yourself in the other's place stimulate moral action? Personality and social Psychology Bulletin, 29(9), 1190-1201.
Batson, C. D., & Powell, A. A. (2003). Altruism and Prosocial Behavior. In T. Millon, M. J. Lerner, &I. B. Weiner (Eds.), Handbook of psychology:Personality and social psychology (pp. 463-484). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
Beddoe, A. E., & Murphy, S. O. (2004). Does mindfulness decrease stress and foster empathy among nursing students? Journal of Nursing Education, 43(7), 305-312.
Birnie, K., Speca, M., & Carlson, L. E. (2010). Exploring self‐compassion and empathy in the context of Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction (MBSR). Stress and Health, 26(5), 359-371.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., ..., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230-241.
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-848.
Burks, D. J., Youll, L. K., & Durtschi, J. P. (2012). The empathy-altruism association and its relevance to health care professions. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 40(3), 395-400.
Cameron, C. D., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2015). Mindfulness facets predict helping behavior and distinct helping-related emotions. Mindfulness, 6(5), 1211-1218.
Condon, P., Desbordes, G., Miller, W. B., & DeSteno, D. (2013). Meditation increases compassionate responses to suffering. Psychological Science, 24(10), 2125-2127.
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113-126.
Davis, M. H. (1994). Empathy: A social psychological approach.. Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown Communications.
Dziobek, I., Rogers, K., Fleck, S., Bahnemann, M., Heekeren, H. R., Wolf, O. T., & Convit, A. (2008). Dissociation of cognitive and emotional empathy in adults with Asperger syndrome using the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(3), 464-473.
Edele, A., Dziobek, I., & Keller, M. (2013). Explaining altruistic sharing in the dictator game: The role of affective empathy, cognitive empathy, and justice sensitivity. Learning and Individual Differences, 24, 96-102.
Eisenberg, N. (2015/1986). Altruistic emotion, cognition, and Behavior. London: Psychology Press.
Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. (1987). Empathy, sympathy, and altruism: Empirical and conceptual links. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 292–316). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Fornell, C. R., Tellis. G. J., & Zinkhan, G. M. (1982). Validity Assessment: A Structural Equations Approach Using Partial Least Squares. In B. J. Walker et al. (Eds.), An Assessment of Marketing Thought and Practice (pp. 405-409). Chicaco: Americal Marketing Association.
Fulton, P. R. (2005). Mindfulness as clinical training. In C. K. Germer, R. D. Siegel, & P. R. Fulton (Eds.), Mindfulness and Psychotherapy (pp. 55-72). NY: The Guilford Press.
Gonzalez-Liencres, C., Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., & Brüne, M. (2013). Towards a neuroscience of empathy: Ontogeny, phylogeny, brain mechanisms, context and psychopathology. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(8), 1537-1548.
Hoffman, M. L. (1977). Empathy, its development and prosocial implications. In H. E. Howe, Jr & C. B. Kcasey (Eds.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 25 (pp. 169-217). Lincoln: Univ. of Mebraska Press.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living:Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. NY: Delacorte Press.
Lim, D., Condon, P., & DeSteno, D. (2015). Mindfulness and compassion: An examination of mechanism and scalability. PloS one, 10(2), e0118221.
Lishner, D. A., Hong, P. Y., Jiang, L., Vitacco, M. J., & Neumann, C. S. (2015). Psychopathy, narcissism, and borderline personality: A critical test of the affective empathy-impairment hypothesis. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 257-265.
Lueke, A., & Gibson, B. (2015). Mindfulness meditation reduces implicit age and race bias:The role of reduced automaticity of responding. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(3), 284-291.
Mascaro, J. S., Rilling, J. K., Tenzin Negi, L., & Raison, C. L. (2012). Compassion meditation enhances empathic accuracy and related neural activity. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8(1), 48-55.
Mehrabian, A. (2000). Manual for the Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale(BEES). Monterey, CA:Albert Mehrabian.
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2011). The neural bases for empathy. The Neuroscientist, 17(1), 18-24.
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Aharon-Peretz, J., & Perry, D. (2009). Two systems for empathy: A double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions. Brain, 132(3), 617-627.
Shapiro, S. L., Schwartz, G. E., & Bonner, G. (1998). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on medical and premedical students. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21(6), 581-599.
Skwara, A. C., King, B. G., & Saron, C. D. (2017). Studies of Training Compassion: What have we learned; what remains unknown? In E. M. Seppala, E. Simon-thomas, S. L. Brown, M. C. Worline, C. D. Cameron, & J. R. Doty (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Compassion Science (pp. 219-236). NY: Oxford University Press.
Sprecher, S., & Fehr, B. (2005). Compassionate love for close others and humanity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22(5), 629-651.
Tejaniya, A. (2009). 알아차림만으로는 충분하지 않습니다 [Awareness Alone Is Not Enough]. (오원탁역). Yangon: Shwe Oo Min Dhamma Sukha Tawya. (원전은 2008에 출판).
Wallmark, E., Safarzadeh, K., Daukantaitė, D., & Maddux, R. E. (2013). Promoting altruism through meditation: An 8-week randomized controlled pilot study. Mindfulness, 4(3), 223-234.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations