Given that chronic physical illness (CPI) is a major risk factor of suicide, the screening/assessment of suicide risk in patients with CPI with reliable and valid tools is crucial. This study performed a systematic review of screening/assessment tools and evaluated their psychometric properties. A literature search was conducted using four databases, and the main search terms were “suicide,” “assess,” “psychometric,” and “chronic disease.” Twenty studies met the selection criteria, and 11 measures were identified. The Schedule of Attitudes Toward Hastened Death (SAHD) is the most frequently used measure, and it was developed to assess the suicide risk in CPI patients and was validated in several languages. The SAHD and its abbreviated versions showed good psychometric properties. The 15-item version of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire and Reasons for Living Inventory showed good psychometric properties. Results suggest the need for suicide risk measures that consider the characteristics of suicide risk specific to CPI as well as further verification of the psychometric properties and clinical applicability of the existing measures for patients with CPI.
경찰청 (2019). 2018 경찰통계연보. https://www.police. go.kr/www/open/publice/publice05.jsp에서 자료 얻음.
김석웅, 김상훈, 박상학, 김승곤, 추일한, 김정호 (2014). 한국판 자살하지 않는 이유 척도 (K-RFL) 의 확인적 요인분석: 정신건강의학과 외래환자를 대상으로. 우울조울병, 12(1), 23-31.
김성건, 이은호, 황순택, 홍상황, 이건석, 김지혜 (2015). 한국판 벡절망척도의 신뢰도 및 타당도 연구. 신경정신의학, 54(1), 84-90.
이기원, 현명호, 이수진 (2010). 자살하지 않는 이유 척도 (The Reasons for Living Inventory) 의 타당도연구. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 15(2), 227-242.
이순묵, 윤창영, 이민형, 정선호 (2016). 탐색적 요인분석: 어떻게 달라지나?. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 35(1), 217-255.
이혜영, 이정애, 오강섭 (2015). 한국판 대인관계 욕구질문지 (K-INQ) 의 타당화 연구: 노인을 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 34(1), 291-312.
장승민 (2015). 리커트 척도 개발을 위한 탐색적 요인분석의 사용. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 34(4), 1079-1100.
정인과, 곽동일, 조숙행, 이현수 (1997). 한국형 노인우울검사 (Korean form of geriatric depression Scale; KGDS) 표준화 연구. 노인정신의학, 1, 61-72.
통계청 (2019). 2018 사망원인통계. http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/1/6/2/index.board에서 자료 얻음.
Abbey, J. G., Rosenfeld, B., Pessin, H., & Breitbart, W. (2006). Hopelessness at the end of life: the utility of the hopelessness scale with terminally ill cancer patients. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11(2), 173-183.
Ahmedani, B. K., Peterson, E. L., Hu, Y., Rossom, R. C., Lynch, F., Lu, C. Y., ... & Williams, L. K. (2017). Major physical health conditions and risk of suicide. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(3), 308-315.
Aishvarya, S., Maniam, T., Karuthan, C., Sidi, H., Ruzyanei, N., & Oei, T. P. S. (2014). Psychometric properties and validation of the Reasons for Living Inventory in an outpatient clinical population in Malaysia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55, S107-S113.
Aloba, O., Awe, O., Adelola, A., Olatunji, P., & Aloba, T. (2018). Psychometric adaptation of the Beck Hopelessness Scale as a self-rated suicide risk screening instrument among Nigerian university students. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 24(5), 433-443.
Altura, K. C., Patten, S. B., Fiest, K. M., Atta, C., Bulloch, A. G., & Jetté, N. (2016). Suicidal ideation in persons with neurological conditions:prevalence, associations and validation of the PHQ-9 for suicidal ideation. General Hospital Psychiatry, 42, 22-26.
American Psychiatric Association (2003). Practice guideline for the assessment and treatment of patients with suicidal behaviors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(suppl 11), 1–60.
Badiee, J., Moore, D. J., Atkinson, J. H., Vaida, F., Gerard, M., Duarte, N. A., . . . Grant, I. (2012). Lifetime suicidal ideation and attempt are common among HIV+ individuals. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(3), 993-999.
Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(6), 861-865.
Bellido-Pérez, M., Crespo, I., Wilson, K. G., Porta‐Sales, J., Balaguer, A., & Monforte‐Royo, C. (2018). Assessment of the wish to hasten death in patients with advanced cancer: A comparison of 2 different approaches. Psycho-Oncology, 27(6), 1538-1544.
Breitbart, W., Rosenfeld, B., Gibson, C., Kramer, M., Li, Y., Tomarken, A., ... Schuster, M. (2010). Impact of Treatment for Depression on Desire for Hastened Death in Patients With Advanced AIDS. Psychosomatics, 51(2), 98-105.
Brookings, J. B., & Pederson, C. L. (2019). INQ-15cut-off scores for suicidal ideation screening of women with chronic, invisible illnesses. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 26(2), 273-275.
Carter, G., Milner, A., McGill, K., Pirkis, J., Kapur, N., & Spittal, M. J. (2017). Predicting suicidal behaviours using clinical instruments: systematic review and meta-analysis of positive predictive values for risk scales. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 210(6), 387-395.
Chen, C. K., Tsai, Y. C., Hsu, H. J., Wu, I. W., Sun, C. Y., Chou, C. C., ... & Wang, L. J. (2010). Depression and suicide risk in hemodialysis patients with chronic renal failure. Psychosomatics, 51(6), 528-528.
Chiaranai, C. (2016). The lived experience of patients receiving hemodialysis treatment for end-stage renal disease: a qualitative study. Journal of Nursing Research, 24(2), 101-108.
Chochinov, H. M., Wilson, K. G., Enns, M., Mowchun, N., Lander, S., Levitt, M., & Clinch, J. J. (1995). Desire for death in the terminally ill. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(8), 1185–1191.
Devins, G. M. (2010). Using the illness intrusiveness ratings scale to understand health-related quality of life in chronic disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68(6), 591-602.
Edelstein, B. A., Heisel, M. J., McKee, D. R., Martin, R. R., Koven, L. P., Duberstein, P. R., & Britton, P. C. (2009). Development and psychometric evaluation of the reasons for living—older adults scale: A suicide risk assessment inventory. The Gerontologist, 49(6), 736-745.
Fountoulakis, K. N., Pantoula, E., Siamouli, M., Moutou, K., Gonda, X., Rihmer, Z., ... & Akiskal, H. (2012). Development of the Risk Assessment Suicidality Scale (RASS): a population-based study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 138(3), 449-457.
Fishbain, D. A., Bruns, D., Bruns, A., Gao, J., Lewis, J. E., Meyer, L. J., &Disorbio, J. M. (2016). The perception of being a burden in acute and chronic pain patients is associated with affirmation of different types of suicidality. Pain Medicine, 17(3), 530-538.
Fuller-Thomson, E., Ramzan, N., & Baird, S. L. (2016). Arthritis and suicide attempts: findings from a large nationally representative Canadian survey. Rheumatology International, 36(9), 1237-1248.
Furlanetto, L. M., & Stefanello, B. (2011). Suicidal ideation in medical inpatients: psychosocial and clinical correlates. General Hospital Psychiatry, 33(6), 572-578.
Galushko, M., Strupp, J., Walisko-Waniek, J., Hahn, M., Löffert, S., Ernstmann, N., ... & Voltz, R. (2015). Validation of the German version of the Schedule of Attitudes Toward Hastened Death (SAHD–D) with patients in palliative care. Palliative & Supportive Care, 13(3), 713-723.
Garza, M. J., & Cramer, R. J. (2011). The Spanish Reasons for Living Inventory (SRFL-I): Factor structure and association with suicide risk among Spanish speaking Hispanics. Archives of Suicide Research, 15(4), 354-371.
Gaskin, C. J., & Happell, B. (2014). On exploratory factor analysis: A review of recent evidence, an assessment of current practice, and recommendations for future use. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 51(3), 511-521.
Hallensleben, N., Spangenberg, L., Kapusta, N. D., Forkmann, T., & Glaesmer, H. (2016). The German version of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ)–Dimensionality, psychometric properties and population-based norms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 195, 191-198.
Heisel, M. J., Flett, G. L., Duberstein, P. R., &Lyness, J. M. (2005). Does the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) distinguish between older adults with high versus low levels of suicidal ideation?. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13(10), 876-883.
Heisel, M. J., Duberstein, P. R., Lyness, J. M., &Feldman, M. D. (2010). Screening for suicide ideation among older primary care patients. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 23(2), 260-269.
Hill, R. M., Rey, Y., Marin, C. E., Sharp, C., Green, K. L., & Pettit, J. W. (2015). Evaluating the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire: Comparison of the reliability, factor structure, and predictive validity across five versions. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior, 45(3), 302-314.
Hooley, J. M., Franklin, J. C., & Nock, M. K. (2014). Chronic pain and suicide: understanding the association. Current Pain and Headache Reports, 18(8), 435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-014-0435-2.
Joiner, T. (2005). Why people die by suicide. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
King, C. A., Horwitz, A., Czyz, E., & Lindsay, R. (2017). Suicide risk screening in healthcare settings: identifying males and females at risk. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 24(1), 8-20.
Karasouli, E., Latchford, G., & Owens, D. (2014). The impact of chronic illness in suicidality: a qualitative exploration. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine: an Open Access Journal, 2(1), 899-908.
Kleiman, E. M., Turner, B. J., Fedor, S., Beale, E. E., Huffman, J. C., & Nock, M. K. (2017). Examination of real-time fluctuations in suicidal ideation and its risk factors: Results from two ecological momentary assessment studies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(6), 726-738.
Kolva, E., Rosenfeld, B., Liu, Y., Pessin, H., &Breitbart, W. (2017). Using item response theory (IRT) to reduce patient burden when assessing desire for hastened death. Psychological Assessment, 29(3), 349-353.
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606-613.
Kye, S. Y., & Park, K. (2017). Suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts among adults with chronic diseases: a cross-sectional study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 73, 160-167.
LeFevre, M. L. (2014). Screening for suicide risk in adolescents, adults, and older adults in primary care: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 160(10), 719-726.
Linehan, M. M., Goodstein, J. L., Nielsen, S. L., &Chiles, J. A. (1983). Reasons for staying alive when you are thinking of killing yourself: the Reasons for Living Inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51(2), 276-286.
Litster, B., Bernstein, C. N., Graff, L. A., Walker, J. R., Fisk, J. D., Patten, S. B., ... & Marrie, R. A. (2018). Validation of the PHQ-9 for Suicidal Ideation in Persons with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 24(8), 1641-1648.
McMillan, D., Gilbody, S., Beresford, E., & Neilly, L. I. Z. (2007). Can we predict suicide and non-fatal self-harm with the Beck Hopelessness Scale? A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 37(6), 769-778.
Merritt, C. J., De Zoysa, N., & Hutton, J. M. (2017). A qualitative study of younger men's experience of heart attack (myocardial infarction). British Journal of Health Psychology, 22(3), 589-608.
Moazzami, K., Dolmatova, E. V., & Feurdean, M. (2018). Suicidal ideation among adults with cardiovascular disease: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. General Hospital Psychiatry, 51, 5-9.
Mokkink, L. B., De Vet, H. C., Prinsen, C. A., Patrick, D. L., Alonso, J., Bouter, L. M., &Terwee, C. B. (2018). COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist for systematic reviews of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures. Quality of Life Research, 27(5), 1171-1179.
Mokkink, L. B., Terwee, C. B., Patrick, D. L., Alonso, J., Stratford, P. W., Knol, D. L., ... & de Vet, H. C. (2010). The COSMIN study reached international consensus on taxonomy, terminology, and definitions of measurement properties for health-related patient-reported outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(7), 737-745.
Monforte-Royo, C., González-de Paz, L., Tomás-Sábado, J., Rosenfeld, B., Strupp, J., Voltz, R., & Balaguer, A. (2017). Development of a short form of the Spanish schedule of attitudes toward hastened death in a palliative care population. Quality of Life Research, 26(1), 235-239.
Mystakidou, K., Rosenfeld, B., Parpa, E., Tsilika, E., Katsouda, E., Galanos, A., & Vlahos, L. (2004). The schedule of attitudes toward hastened death:validation analysis in terminally ill cancer patients. Palliative & Supportive Care, 2(4), 395-402.
Nascimento, E. R., Maia, A. C. O., Soares-Filho, G., Nardi, A. E., & Cardoso, A. (2015). Predictors of suicidal ideation in coronary artery disease. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 57, 16-20.
Ndetei, D. M., Khasakhala, L. I., Mutiso, V., &Mbwayo, A. W. (2010). Suicidality and depression among adult patients admitted in general medical facilities in Kenya. Annals of General Psychiatry, 9(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-9-7
Nissim, R., Flora, D. B., Cribbie, R. A., Zimmermann, C., Gagliese, L., & Rodin, G. (2010). Factor structure of the Beck Hopelessness Scale in individuals with advanced cancer. Psycho-Oncology: Journal of the Psychological, Social and Behavioral Dimensions of Cancer, 19(3), 255-263.
Ntountoulaki, E., Guthrie, E., Kotsis, K., Paika, V., Tatsioni, A., Tomenson, B., ... & Hyphantis, T. (2016). Double RASS cutpoint accurately diagnosed suicidal risk in females with long-term conditions attending the emergency department compared to their male counterparts. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 69, 193-201.
O'Connor, E., Gaynes, B. N., Burda, B. U., Soh, C., & Whitlock, E. P. (2013). Screening for and treatment of suicide risk relevant to primary care: a systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine, 158(10), 741-754.
Osman, A., Bagge, C. L., Gutierrez, P. M., Konick, L. C., Kopper, B. A., & Barrios, F. X. J. A. (2001). The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R): validation with clinical and nonclinical samples. Assessment, 8(4), 443-454.
Osman, A., Downs, W. R., Kopper, B. A., Barrios, F. X., Baker, M. T., Osman, J. R., ... & Linehan, M. M. (1998). The reasons for living inventory for adolescents (RFL-A): Development and psychometric properties. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54(8), 1063-1078.
Pompili, M., Girardi, P., Tatarelli, R., Lester, D., &Rogers, J. R. (2007). Reasons for Living Inventory: Cross-cultural construct validity. Psychological reports, 100(3_suppl), 1259-1262.
Posner, K., Brown, G. K., Stanley, B., Brent, D. A., Yershova, K. V., Oquendo, M. A., ... & Mann, J. J. (2011). The Columbia–Suicide Severity Rating Scale: initial validity and internal consistency findings from three multisite studies with adolescents and adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(12), 1266-1277.
Prinsen, C. A., Mokkink, L. B., Bouter, L. M., Alonso, J., Patrick, D. L., De Vet, H. C., & Terwee, C. B. (2018). COSMIN guideline for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures. Quality of Life Research, 27(5), 1147-1157.
Purc-Stephenson, R. J. (2014). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Factor structure and invariance among persons with chronic diseases. Rehabilitation Psychology, 59(1), 10-18
Rizk, M. M., Galfalvy, H., Singh, T., Keilp, J. G., Sublette, M. E., Oquendo, M. A., ... & Stanley, B. (2018). Toward subtyping of suicidality: Brief suicidal ideation is associated with greater stress response. Journal of Affective Disorders, 230, 87-92.
Robson, A., Scrutton, F., Wilkinson, L., & MacLeod, F. (2010). The risk of suicide in cancer patients:a review of the literature. Psycho-Oncology, 19(12), 1250-1258.
Rosenfeld, B., Breitbart, W., Galietta, M., Kaim, M., Funesti‐Esch, J., Pessin, H., ... & Brescia, R. (2000). The schedule of attitudes toward hastened death: Measuring desire for death in terminally ill cancer patients. Cancer, 88(12), 2868-2875.
Rosenfeld, B., Breitbart, W., Stein, K., Funesti-Esch, J., Kaim, M., Krivo, S., & Galietta, M. (1999). Measuring desire for death among patients with HIV/AIDS: the schedule of attitudes toward hastened death. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(1), 94-100.
Rosenfeld, B., Gibson, C., Kramer, M., & Breitbart, W. (2004). Hopelessness and terminal illness: The construct of hopelessness in patients with advanced AIDS. Palliative & Supportive Care, 2(1), 43-53.
Rosenfeld, B., Pessin, H., Marziliano, A., Jacobson, C., Sorger, B., Abbey, J., ... & Breitbart, W. (2014). Does desire for hastened death change in terminally ill cancer patients?. Social Science &Medicine, 111, 35-40.
Runeson, B., Odeberg, J., Pettersson, A., Edbom, T., Adamsson, I. J., & Waern, M. (2017). Instruments for the assessment of suicide risk: a systematic review evaluating the certainty of the evidence. PLoS one, 12(7), e0180292. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180292
Santos, C. O., Caeiro, L., Ferro, J. M., & Figueira, M. L. (2012). A study of suicidal thoughts in acute stroke patients. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 21(8), 749-754.
Segal, D., & Williams, K. (2014). Structured and semistructured interviews for differential diagnosis: Fundamental issues, applications, and features. In D. C. Beidel, B. C. Frueh, & M. Hersen (Eds.), Adult Psychopathology Diagnosis (7th ed ed., pp. 103-129). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Shim, E. J., & Hahm, B. J. (2011). Anxiety, helplessness/hopelessness and ‘desire for hastened death’in Korean cancer patients. European Journal of Cancer Care, 20(3), 395-402.
Shim, E. J., & Park, J. H. (2012). Suicidality and its associated factors in cancer patients: results of a multi-center study in Korea. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 43(4), 381-403.
Shim, E. J., Lee, S. H., Kim, N. J., Kim, E. S., Bang, J. H., Sohn, B. K., ... & Hahm, B. J. (2019). Suicide risk in persons with HIV/AIDS in South Korea: a partial test of the interpersonal theory of suicide. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 26(1), 38-49.
Spangenberg, L., Zenger, M., Garcia-Torres, F., Mueller, V., Reck, M., Mehnert, A., & Vehling, S. (2016). Dimensionality, Stability, and Validity of the Beck Hopelessness Scale in Cancer Patients Receiving Curative and Palliative Treatment. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 51(3), 615-622.
Taur, F. M., Chai, S., Chen, M. B., Hou, J. L., Lin, S., & Tsai, S. L. (2012). Evaluating the suicide risk‐screening scale used by general nurses on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer: a questionnaire survey. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(3-4), 398-407.
Teo, D. C., Suárez, L., & Oei, T. P. (2018). Validation of the interpersonal needs questionnaire of young male adults in Singapore. PLoS one, 13(6), e0198839. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone. 0198839
Terwee, C. B., Prinsen, C. A., Chiarotto, A., de Vet, H., Bouter, L. M., Alonso, J., ... & Mokkink, L. B. (2018). COSMIN methodology for assessing the content validity of PROMs–user manual. Netherlands: VU University Medical Center.
Thom, R., Hogan, C., & Hazen, E. (2020). Suicide risk screening in the hospital setting: a review of brief validated tools. Psychosomatics, 61(1), 1-7.
Troister, T., D'Agata, M. T., & Holden, R. R. (2015). Suicide risk screening: Comparing the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Hopelessness Scale, and Psychache Scale in undergraduates. Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 1500-1505.
Van Orden, K. A., Cukrowicz, K. C., Witte, T. K., &Joiner Jr, T. E. (2012). Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness: Construct validity and psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 24(1), 197-215.
Villavicencio‐Chávez, C., Monforte‐Royo, C., Tomás ‐Sábado, J., Maier, M. A., Porta‐Sales, J., &Balaguer, A. (2014). Physical and psychological factors and the wish to hasten death in advanced cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology, 23(10), 1125-1132.
Wilson, K. G., Heenan, A., Kowal, J., Henderson, P. R., McWilliams, L. A., & Castillo, D. (2017). Testing the interpersonal theory of suicide in chronic pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 33(8), 699-706.
Witte, T. K., Fitzpatrick, K. K., Warren, K. L., Schatschneider, C., & Schmidt, N. B. (2006). Naturalistic evaluation of suicidal ideation:Variability and relation to attempt status. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(7), 1029-1040.
Woo, S. M., & Keatinge, C. (2016). Diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders across the lifespan. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Yesavage, J. A., & Sheikh, J. I. (1986). 9/Geriatric depression scale (GDS) recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontologist, 5(1-2), 165-173.
Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1982). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1), 37-49.
Yohannes, A. M., Willgoss, T. G., Baldwin, R. C., &Connolly, M. J. (2010). Depression and anxiety in chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prevalence, relevance, clinical implications and management principles. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(12), 1209-1221.
Zhao, H., He, J., Yi, J., & Yao, S. (2019). Factor structure and measurement invariance across gender groups of the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale among Chinese elders. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1-7.