This study examined the relationship between locus of control and posttraumatic stress symptoms rumination identify cognitive mechanisms that underlie posttraumatic stress symptoms. o overcome the limitations of studies, subfactors of locus of control(i.e., internal locus of control, external locus of control) and rumination(i.e., intrusive rumination, deliberate rumination) were considered in analysis. Participants 295 college students(58% female, 42% male) completed online self-report questionnaires that measure control, rumination, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. The results showed that intrusive rumination mediated the relationship between internal locus of control and posttraumatic stress symptoms and between external locus of control and posttraumatic stress symptoms. However, the mediating effect of deliberate rumination was significant the relationship between internal locus of control and posttraumatic stress symptoms and in the relationship between external locus of control and posttraumatic stress symptoms. This study contributes to more refined understanding of cognitive mechanisms the of posttraumatic stress symptoms. The findings suggest that locus of for posttraumatic stress symptoms.
고은심, 이민규 (2018). 침습적 반추가 외상 후 성장에미치는 영향-정서조절방략과 의도적 반추의 간접효과. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 23(3), 785-800.
김인수 (2002). 웹기반 자율학습형 수업에서 통제소재, 메타인지 및 학업성취도의 관계. 이화여자대학교대학원 석사학위논문.
박애실 (2016). 외상 후 인지가 외상 후 성장에 미치는영향: 침습적 반추와 의도적 반추의 이중매개효과와 적응적 인지적 정서조절전략의 조절된 매개효과검증. 상담학연구, 17(5), 181-200.
안현의, 주혜선, 민지원, 심기선 (2013). 한국판 사건관련 반추 척도(K-ERRI)의 타당화. 인지행동치료, 13(1), 149-172.
이동훈, 이덕희, 김성현, 정다송 (2022). PCL-5(DSM-5기준 외상 후 스트레스 장애 체크리스트) 한국판종단 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 28(2), 187-217.
이은정, 임경희, 김정범, 류설영 (2007). 대구 지하철 화재 사고 부상자들의 외상 후 스트레스 장애: 예측인자에 대한 전향적 연구. 신경정신의학, 46(1), 79-86.
조수지 (2020). 외상신념과 이차적 외상 스트레스의 관계에서 침투적 반추의 매개효과. 한양대학고 대학원 석사학위논문.
한동수 (2017). 소방공무원의 외상후스트레스 관리 프로그램 개발 및 효과. 인제대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
Agaibi, E., & Wilson, P. (2005). Trauma, PTSD, and resilience: A review of the literature. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 6(3), 195-216.
Alisic, E., Zalta, A. K., Van Wesel, F., Larsen, S. E., Hafstad, G. S., Hassanpour, K., & Smid, G. E. (2014). Rates of posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents:meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 204(5), 335-340.
Alpert, E., Hayes, M. A., Barnes, J. B., Sloan, M. D. (2020). Predictors of dropout in cognitive processing therapy for PTSD: An examination of trauma narrative content, Behavior Therapy, 51(5), 774-788.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders:DSM-5. American Psychiatric Publishing.
Barlow, D. H., Sauer-Zavala, S., Carl, J. R., Bullis, J. R., & Ellard, K. K. (2013). The nature, diagnosis, and treatment of neuroticism: Back to the future. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(3), 344-365.
Benjet, C., Bromet, E., Karam, E. G., Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Ruscio, A. M., ... & Koenen, K. C. (2016). The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Psychological Medicine, 46(2), 327-343.
Bentum, J. V., Sijbrandij, M., Huibers, M. J., Huisman, A., Arntz, A., Holmes, E. A., &Kerkhof, A. J. (2017). Treatment of intrusive suicidal imagery using eye movements. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(7), 714-728.
Besharat, R., Azemat, S., & Mohammadian, A. (2018). A comparative study of rumination, healthy locus of control, and emotion regulation in children of divorce and normal children. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 6(4), 207-214.
Blackburn, L., & Owens, G. P. (2016). Rumination, resilience, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity among veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 25(2), 197-209.
Breslau, N., & Davis, G. C. (1987). Posttraumatic stress disorder: the stressor criterion. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175(5), 255-264.
Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., Tedeschi, R. G., & McMillan, J. (2000). A Correlational Test of the Relationship Between Posttraumatic Growth, Religion, and Cognitive Processing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13(3), 521.
Cann, A., Calhoun, L., Tedeschi, R., Triplett, K., Vishnevsky, T., & Lindstrom, C. (2011). Assessing posttraumatic cognitive processes: The event related rumination inventory. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 24(2), 137-156.
Clancy, C. P., Graybeal, A., Tompson, W. P., Badgett, K. S., Feldman, M. E., Calhoun, P. S., ... & Beckham, J. C. (2006). Lifetime trauma exposure in veterans with military-related posttramatic stress disorder: Association with current symptomatology. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(9), 1346-1353.
Copeland, W. E., Keeler, G., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2007). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in childhood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(5), 577-584.
Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2002). Motivational beliefs, values, and goals. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 109–132.
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(1), 319-345.
Ehlers, A., Mayou, R. A., & Bryant, B. (1998). Psychological predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(3), 508-519.
Ehring, T., Frank, S., & Ehlers, A. (2008). The role of rumination and reduced concreteness in the maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32(4), 488-506.
Elwood, L. S., Hahn, K. S., Olatunji, B. O., & Williams, N. L. (2009). Cognitive vulnerabilities to the development of PTSD: A review of four vulnerabilities and the proposal of an integrative vulnerability model. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(1), 87-100.
Evans, C., Ehlers, A., Mezey, G., & Clark, D. M. (2007). Intrusive memories and ruminations related to violent crime among young offenders:Phenomenological characteristics. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(2), 183-196.
García, F., Duque, A., & Cova, F. (2017). The four faces of rumination to stressful events: A psychometric analysis. Psychology of Trauma, 9(6), 758-765.
Goenjian, A. K., Walling, D., Steinberg, A. M., Karayan, I., Najarian, L. M., & Pynoos, R. (2005). A prospective study of posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among treated and untreated adolescents 5 years after a catastrophic disaster. Journal of Psychiatry, 162(12), 2302-2308.
Gray, M. J., Pumphrey, J. E., & Lombardo, T. W. (2003). The relationship between dispositional pessimistic attributional style versus trauma-specific attributions and PTSD symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(3), 289-303.
Hall, A. K., Davison, H. E., Galovski, E. T., Vasterling, J. J., & Pineles, L. S. (2019). Associations between trauma-related rumination and symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression in treatment-seeking female veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(2), 260-268.
Herman J. (1992). Trauma and recovery: the aftermath of violence from domestic abuse to political terror. Basic Books, New York.
Hirooka, K., Fukahori, H., Taku, K., Togari, T., & Ogawa, A. (2017). Quality of death, rumination, and posttraumatic growth among bereaved family members of cancer patients in home palliative care. Psycho-oncology, 26(12), 2168-2174.
Holder, E. E., & Levi, D. J. (1988). Mental health and locus of control: SCL-90-R and Levenson’s IPC scales. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(5), 753-755.
Jakupcak, M., Conybeare, D., Phelps, L., Hunt, S., Holmes H., Felker, B., ... & McFall. E. (2007). Anger, hostility, and aggression among Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans reporting PTSD and subthreshold PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(6), 945–954.
Janoff-Bulman, R. (1979). Characteristical versus behavioral self-blame: Inquiries into depression and rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(10), 1798-1809.
Janoff-Bulman, R. (2010). Shattered assumptions. Simon and Schuster.
Jin, Y., & Wang, G. (2014). Individual risk factors for PTSD in adolescents from the 2010 earthquake in Yushu: The predictor effect of rumination. Journal of Psychiatry, 17(6), 1–6.
Joseph, S. A., Brewin, C. R., Yule, W., & Williams, R. (1991). Causal attributions and psychiatric symptoms in survivors of the Herald of Free Enterprise Disaster. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159(4), 542-546.
Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 11-21.
Karstoft, K., Armour, C., Elklit, A., & Solomon, Z. (2015). The role of locus of control and coping style in predicting longitudinal PTSD trajectories after combat exposure. Journal of anxiety disorders, 32(1), 89-94.
Kessler, R. C., & Frank, R. G. (1997). The impact of psychiatric disorders on work loss days. Psychological Medicine, 27(4), 861-873.
Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(12), 1048-1060.
Kleim, B., Ehlers, A., & Glucksman, E. (2007). Early predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in assault survivors. Psychological Medicine, 37(10), 1457-1467.
Kline, C. A., Cooper, A. A., Rytwinksi, K. N., &Feeny, C. N. (2018). Long-term efficacy of psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder:A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Clinical Psychology Review, 59(1), 30-40,
Köhler, A. C., Carvalho, F. A., Alves, S. G., McIntyre, S. R., Hyphantis, N. T., & Cammarota, M. (2015). Autobiographical Memory Disturbances in Depression: A Novel Therapeutic Target? Neural Plasticity, 2015(1), 1-14.
Lee-Kelley, L. (2006). Locus of control and attitudes to working in virtual teams. International Journal of Project Management, 24(3), 234-243.
Lefcourt, H. M. (1976). Locus of control. New York:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Leist, B. J., & Leist, P. T. (2022). Multiple sclerosis:relationship between locus of control and quality of life in persons with low versus high disability. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 10(1), 316-334.
Levenson, H. (1973). Multidimensional locus of control in psychiatric patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 41(3), 397-404.
Maercker, A., & Zoellner, T. (2004). The Janus face of self-perceived growth: Toward a two-component model of posttraumatic growth. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 41-48.
Marshall, G. N. (1991). A multidimensional analysis of internal health locus of control beliefs:Separating the wheat from the chaff? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3), 483-496.
Mayou, R. A., Ehlers, A., & Bryant, B. (2002). Posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents: 3-year follow-up of a prospective longitudinal study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(6), 665-675.
Michael, S. T., & Snyder, C. R. (2005). Getting unstuck: The roles of hope, finding meaning, and rumination in the adjustment to bereavement among college students. Death Studies, 29(5), 435-458.
Mikaeili, N., Einy, S., & Taghavy, R. (2018). Role of coping styles, locus of control, and emotional intelligence in predicting social adjustment of veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Iranian Journal of War and Public Health, 10(4), 195-201.
Mol, S. S., Arntz, A., Metsemakers, J. F., Dinant, G. J., Vilters-van Montfort, P. A., & Knottnerus, J. A. (2005). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder after non-traumatic events: Evidence from an open population study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 186(6), 494-499.
Ogińska-Bulik, N., & Juczyński, Z. (2021). Burnout and posttraumatic stress symptoms in police officers exposed to traumatic events: the mediating role of ruminations. International Archives Occupational Environmental Health, 94(6), 1201–1209.
Olson, J. A., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1994). Shattered Assumptions: Towards a New psychology of Trauma. Free Press, New York.
Onyedire, N. G., Ekoh, A. T., Chukwuorji, J. C., &Ifeagwazi, C. M. (2017). Posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) symptoms among firefighters:Roles of resilience and locus of control. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 32(4), 227-248.
Perrin, M., Vandeleur, C. L., Castelao, E., Rothen, S., Glaus, J., Vollenweider, P., & Preisig, M. (2014). Determinants of the development of posttraumatic stress disorder, in the general population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(3), 447-457.
Pietrzak, R. H., Feder, A., Singh, R., Schechter, C. B., Bromet, E. J., Katz, C. L., ... & Southwick, S. M. (2014). Trajectories of PTSD risk and resilience in World Trade Center responders: An 8-year prospective cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 44(1), 205-219.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717-731.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.
Resick, P. A., & Schnicke, M. K. (1993). Cognitive processing therapy for rape victims: A treatment manual. Sage Publications, Inc.
Ritchie, D. T., Skowronski, J. J., Wood, E. S., Richard Walker, W., Vogl, J. R., & Gibbons, A. J. (2006) Event self-importance, event rehearsal, and the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory. Self and Identity, 5(2), 172-195.
Rosmarin, D. H., Pirutinsky, S., Auerbach, R. P., Bjorgvinsson, T., Bigda-Peyton, J., ... Anderson, G. (2011). Incorporating spiritual beliefs into a cognitive model of worry. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(7), 691–700.
Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80(1), 1-28.
Schiff, M. (2006). Living in the shadow of terrorism:Psychological distress and alcohol use among religious and non-religious adolescents in Jerusalem. Social Science and Medicine, 62, 2301-2312.
Schiraldi, G. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder sourcebook. Illinois: McGraw-Hill.
Seligowski, A. V., Lee, D. J., Bardeen, J. R., &Orcutt, H. K. (2015). Emotion regulation and posttraumatic stress symptoms: A meta-analysis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44(2), 87-102.
Shipher, J. C., & Beck, J. G. (2005). The role of thought suppression in posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy, 36(3), 277–287.
Smid, G., Mooren, T., van der Mast, R., Gersons, B., & Kleber, R. (2009). Delayed posttraumatic stress disorder: systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression analysis of prospective studies. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70(11), 1572–1582.
Speckens, A. E., Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., Ruths, F. A., & Clark, D. M. (2007). Intrusive memories and rumination in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: A phenomenological comparison. Memory, 15(3), 249-257.
Stein, M. B., Walker, J. R., Hazen, A. L., & Forde, D. R. (1997). Full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder: Findings from a community survey. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(8), 1114-1119.
Szabo, Y. Z., Warnecke, A. J., Newton, T. L., & Valentine, J. C. (2017). Rumination and posttraumatic stress symptoms in traumaexposed adults: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 30(4), 396-414.
Taku, K., Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2008). The role of rumination in the coexistence of distress and posttraumatic growth among bereaved Japanese university students. Death Studies, 32(5), 428-444.
Tedeschi, R., & Calhoun, L. (2006). The foundations of posttraumatic growth: An expanded framework. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Thompson, S. C., Cheek, P. R., & Graham, M. A. (1988). The social psychology of health. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), The other side of perceived control: Disadvantages and negative effects(pp. 69-93). Sage Publications, Inc.
Tracy, M., Morgenstern, H., Zivin, K., Aiello, A. E., & Galea, S. (2014). Traumatic event exposure and depression severity over time: Results from a prospective cohort study in an urban area. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(11), 1769-1782.
Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 284-304.
Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination Reconsidered: A Psychometric Analysis. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 27(3), 247-259.
van der Kolk, B., Roth, S., Pelcovitz, D., Sunday, S., & Spinazzola, J. (2005). Disorders of extreme stress: The empirical foundation of a complex adaptation to trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 389-399.
Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013). The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). National Center for PTSD.
Zeligman, M., Grossman, L., & Tanzosh, A. (2019). Posttraumatic growth in trauma survivors:Meaning making and locus of control. Journal of Counselor Practice, 10(2), 1-21.
Zhou, X., Wu, X., Fu, F., & An, Y. (2015). Core belief challenge and rumination as predictors of PTSD and PTG among adolescent survivors of the Wen chuan earthquake. Psychology of Trauma, 7(4), 391-397.
Zou, L., & Gan, Y. (2006). Mediation effect of rumination on relationship between locus of control and depression among adolescents. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 15(1), 496-498.
Zukerman, G., & Korn, L. (2014). Post-traumatic stress and world assumptions: The effects of religious coping. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(6), 1676-1690.