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ISSN : 1229-0653

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Vol.19 No.3

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문화의 새로운 차원 ‘경직성과 유연성(Tightness-Looseness)’

Cultural ‘Tightness-Looseness’：A Multilevel Theory

한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격 / Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, (P)1229-0653;
2005, v.19 no.3, pp.101-116
정태연 (중앙대학교)
김기범 (성균관대학교)
Michele J. Gelfand (University of Maryland)
정태연, 김기범, & Michele, J. G. (2005). 문화의 새로운 차원 ‘경직성과 유연성(Tightness-Looseness)’. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 19(3), 101-116.

초록

지금까지는 주로 개인주의-집합주의 차원에 근거하여 문화가 사회심리학적 현상에 미치는 영향을 연구해 왔고, 그 밖의 문화적 차원에 대한 전반적인 관심과 체계적인 연구는 매우 미미했다. 그러나 최근 들어 문화적으로 다양한 사회적 현상들을 이해하고자 할 때 새로운 차원이 필요하다는 요구가 대두되고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 문화의 또 다른 차원인 경직성과 유연성(tightness-looseness)을 이론적으로 개관하여 사회 및 조직심리학 분야에서의 문화 이론을 확장하고자 한다. 이 때 문화의 경직성과 유연성은 특정 문화 내에서 규범이 명백하게 정의되고 신뢰롭게 집행되는지의 정도를 지칭한다(Pelto, 1968). 본 연구에서는 현대의 복잡한 사회에서의 문화적 경직성-유연성을 살펴보고, 인류학, 사회학, 심리학을 포함하는 다양한 학문을 통합할 수 있는 경제․문화적 요인과 역사적 요인, 상황적 구조, 그리고 문화적 체계에서의 심리적 과정들 간의 역동적인 상호작용을 고려하는 다수준 이론(multilevel theory)에 따른 접근을 살펴보았다. 마지막으로, 문화의 경직성과 유연성에 대한 경험적인 자료들을 살펴보고 추후 연구과제를 논의하였다.

keywords
문화의 차원, 개인주의-집합주의, 사회규범, 경직성-유연성. 다차원 이론, dimensions of culture, individualism-collectivism, social norm, tightness-looseness, multilevel theory

Abstract

Over the last two decades, there has been an explosion of research concerning the influence of culture on social psychological phenomena. The dimension of individualism and collectivism has been the focus of much empirical investigation, as evidenced in the abundance of published articles as well as books devoted to this dimension. As a result of the immense success of research on individualism-collectivism, there has been a dearth of research on other dimensions of culture. Thus, the central goal of this research is to expand upon cultural theories in social-organizational psychology by introducing theoretical approach to and empirical evidence for another cultural dimension, cultural tightness-looseness. Tightness-looseness has been defined as the degree to which norms are clearly defined and reliably imposed within cultures (Pelto, 1968). Specifically, a multi-level theory is reviewed, which examines cultural tightness-looseness in modern and complex societies, and integrates research from a variety of disciplines, including anthropology, sociology, and psychology, and illustrates the dynamic interplay between ecocultural and historical factors, the structure of situations, and psychological processes in tight and loose cultural systems. Finally, empirical evidence for this theory was covered.

keywords
문화의 차원, 개인주의-집합주의, 사회규범, 경직성-유연성. 다차원 이론, dimensions of culture, individualism-collectivism, social norm, tightness-looseness, multilevel theory

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