Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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ISSN : 1229-0653
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Vol.30 No.4
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in task performance, task satisfaction, and stability of self-esteem between optimist and defensive pessimist. Thirty optimists and thirty defensive pessimists were selected by the criterion of Norem and Cantor(1986). Optimists and defensive pessimists were asked to solve either easy or difficult English anagram task. Defensive pessimists showed better performance than optimists in easy task, but did worse in difficult task. It was founded that defensive pessimists reported lower satisfaction with their performance in easy task even if they performed better than the optimists. Also defensive pessimists rated their performance less important than the optimists in easy task. Finally, defensive pessimists showed higher unstability of self-esteem than optimists after performing the task.
Abstract
This study aims to investigate differences in holistic thinking and social comparison orientation depending on social class. 1,000 college students were asked to respond to Analysis-Holism Scale(AHS), Social Comparison Orientation Scale(the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure: INCOM), social class, and sex. The results show that analytic-holistic thinking differs depending on one’s perceived social class. The high class people are less holistic than the middle and low class people. The same tendency appears on ‘tolerance of contradiction’ and ‘perception of change’, while not on ‘causal perception’ and ‘locus of attention’, which are the 4 sub-factors of the AHS scale. In case of social comparison orientation, the low class people are more likely to be socially comparative than the middle and high class people. The same pattern was observed in the domains of ability and opinion, both of which are sub-factors of INCOM. The limitations of the study and the suggestions for further research are discussed.
Abstract
We hypothesized that social competence inferred from faces would be a better predictor of Korean elections than competence judgments made about faces. In order to test the hypothesis, we recruited 92 Koran children (10 years of age & 46 females) and showed them 30 pairs of faces consisting of two candidates from either 2012 or 2016 national assembly elections. For each pair, participants indicated 1) the person who might be smarter (competence) and 2) the person who might have more friends (social competence). In support of the hypothesis, perceived social competence significantly predicted the election outcomes. However, perceived competence was not significantly associated with election outcomes in 2012 and had negative effects on election outcomes in 2016. The findings suggest that, when making social judgment, personal attributes like competence may not be important whereas social attributes like social relations may serve as a critical factor in interdependent cultures.
Abstract
This study verified whether self-esteem will be damaged more in the weness mode of the relationship than in the mode of individuality if people receive inconsiderate behavior and negative comments from their partners. In order to do this, the Implicit Association Test was created to evaluate towards oneself and another person. In Experiment 1, we examined whether the implicit attitude towards others has changed after priming weness and individuality. It was found that the interpersonal distance was reduced in the weness primed condition but was marginally increased in the individuality primed condition. The interaction effect between priming conditions and factor of repeated measure was significant. After activating weness and individuality relationship by priming, Experiment 2 detected changes in implicit self-esteem and interpersonal distance after participants were treated one of three different ways (including unequal allocation of reward, negative comments, and control condition). After the unequal allocation, participants showed a significant drop of self-esteem and a marginal increase of the interpersonal distance in the weness primed condition, but no changes were detected in the individuality primed condition. Meanwhile, after the negative comments, self-esteem was slightly increased and the interpersonal distance was greatly increased in the weness primed condition, but neither of them changed in the individuality primed condition. These results show that, in the weness mode of the relationship, participants were sensitive to their partners' negative comments and inconsiderate behaviors and it can possibly hurt their self-esteem and increase the interpersonal distance. On the other hand, in the mode of individuality, self-esteem and the interpersonal distance would not be greatly affected even if people received negative comments or inconsiderate behaviors. This study acquires significance because it verified that self-esteem can be influenced by the level of expectation of receiving consideration from others.
Abstract
This questionnaire study of 415 multicultrual couples examined family processes linking economic hardship and cultural challenge individually and together to emotional distress and negative conflict response behavior, which, in turn, affect marital satisfaction and marital stability. It also investigated whether the family stress process caused by cultural challenge differs across the level of economic hardship so as to understand an interaction between these two stress factors. Results of structural equation modeling analyses supported alternative stress models that included a direct path from a stress factor(s) to a negative conflict response behavior. As expected, economic hardship or cultural challenge was positively associated with depression among both Korean husbands and female marriage immigrant wives, and such depression of both sides contributed to negative conflict response behavior reported by the couples. In addition each stress factor had a positive direct effect on negative conflict response behavior, which, in turn, was negatively associated with marital satisfaction of both husbands and wives, and with marital stability perceived by the couples. However, in both cultural challenge and stress integration models, husbands’ marital satisfaction did not contribute to marital stability. Furthermore, in the stress integration model, the significant effect of economic hardship on husbands’ depression disappeared whereas such effect of cultural challenge increased, suggesting that cultural challenge was a major source of stress for Korean husbands. In contrast, both stress factors significantly contributed to wives’ depression. Also the direct significant effect of economic hardship on negative conflict response behavior disappeared while such effect of cultural challenge rather increased. Finally, results of multigroup analyses revealed that direct effects of cultural challenge and husbands’ depression on negative conflict response behavior were significantly greater among a high level of economic hardship group, and a direct effect of such conflict behavior on marital stability was also greater among that group, suggesting significant differences in these three paths between the high level group and the low level group of economic hardship.