- 권한신청
- P-ISSN1229-0653
- KCI
권력동기 척도의 신뢰도와 타당도: Index of Personal Reaction 문항에 대한 재해석
Reliability and Validity of Power Motive Scale: Reinterpretation of ‘Index of Personal Reaction’
민경환 (서울대학교)
김민희 (한국상담대학원대학교)
초록
권력동기는 인간의 사회적 행동을 결정하는 중요한 동기이지만 지금까지 적절한 측정도구가 마련되지 않았다. 본 연구의 목적은 권력동기를 신뢰롭게 측정할 수 있는 자기보고식 척도를 재구성하고, 타당화하는 것이다. 이를 위해 선행연구에 대한 개관을 바탕으로 권력동기를 구성하는 주요 하위 요인으로 ‘지위 추구’와 ‘영향력 선호’를 가정하고, 권력동기를 조작적으로 정의하였다. 다음으로 Bennett(1988)이 개발한 자기보고식 측정도구 Index of Personal Reaction에서 정의에 부합하는 문항을 추출하여 권력동기 척도를 새롭게 구성하고, 총 604명의 대학생 집단을 대상으로 자료를 수집한 후, 권력동기 척도의 신뢰도, 요인구조 및 구성타당도를 살펴보았다. 분석 결과 권력동기 척도는 높은 수준의 내적 합치도를 보였으며, 탐색적 요인분석 및 확인적 요인분석 결과에서 ‘지위 추구’와 ‘영향력 선호’의 2요인 구조가 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 권력동기 척도의 구성타당도를 검증하기 위해 다양한 준거 변인과 상관분석을 실시한 결과, 권력동기 척도의 수렴타당도, 변별타당도, 규범타당도, 그리고 예언타당도가 일관되게 확인되었다. 또한 권력동기 척도는 권력지향적인 행동을 예측하는 데 있어 외향성의 효과를 통제한 후에도 유의한 증분 설명량을 보임으로써 외향성과는 별도로 지위 추구 행동을 고유하게 예측하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 권력동기 척도가 개인의 권력동기 수준을 적절하게 측정하는 신뢰롭고 타당한 도구임을 의미한다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점에 대하여 논의하였다.
- keywords
- 권력동기, 지위 추구, 영향력 선호, 구성타당도, 예언타당도, power motive, status pursuit, influence preference, construct validity, predictive validity
Abstract
Power motive influences a number of important social behaviors, but an appropriate scale measuring power motive has not been developed in Korea. The purpose of the present study is to develop and validate a self-report scale that can reliably measure power motive in Korean. Based on the literature, ‘status pursuit’ and ‘influence preference’ were hypothesized as two underlying structures of power motive. Six hundred and four undergraduate participants completed a survey which included corresponding items from Index of Person Reaction (IPR; Bennett, 1988), then reliability, factor structure, and construct validity were examined. The findings showed high internal consistency, and both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed two-factor structures of ‘status pursuit’ and ‘influence preference’. Power motive was also significantly correlated with a variety of criterion variables in the expected directions, which confirmed convergent, discriminant, nomological, and predictive validity. Furthermore, power motive predicted status pursuit by showing significant incremental variance after extraversion was controlled for. The overall findings indicate that the currently-developed power motive scale is a reliable and valid measure for individuals’ differences in power motive. The implications and the limitations of the study were discussed at the end.
- keywords
- 권력동기, 지위 추구, 영향력 선호, 구성타당도, 예언타당도, power motive, status pursuit, influence preference, construct validity, predictive validity
참고문헌
유태용, 김명언, 이도형 (1997). 5요인 성격 검사의 개발 및 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 10(1), 85-102.
이훈진, 원호택 (1995). 편집증적 경향, 자기개념, 자의식 간의 관계에 대한 탐색과 연구. 한국심리학회지 95연차대회 학술발표논문집, 277- 290.
장승민 (2000). 권력동기와 친애동기가 분노의 체험과 표현에 미치는 영향. 서울대학교 석사학위논문.
정남운 (2001). 자기애적 성격검사의 요인구조와 아이젱크 성격차원 및 자존감과의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 13(2), 221- 237.
정남운 (2004). 대인관계 원형모델에 따른 한국판 대인관계 형용사척도의 구성. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 16(1), 37-51.
정보라 (2005). 사회적 바람직성의 구인 탐색. 이화여자대학교 석사학위논문.
조혜정 (2013). 대학생의 취업스트레스가 행복감에 미치는 영향: 사회적 지지의 조절효과. 한국청소년연구, 24(1), 157-184.
한병철 (2011). 권력이란 무엇인가. 서울: 문학과 지성사.
Anderson, C., John, O. P., Keltner, D., & Kring, A. M. (2001). Who attains social status? Effects of personality and physical attractiveness in social groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 116-132.
Aquino, K., & Reed, A. (2002). The self-importance of moral identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 836(6), 1423-1440.
Bakan, D. (1966). The duality of human existence: An essay on psychology and religion. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Bennett, J. B. (1988). Power and influence as distinct personality traits: Development and validation of a psychometric measure. Journal of Research in Personality, 22(3), 361-394.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246.
Booth, R. Z., Vinograd-Bausel, C. R., & Harper, D. C. (1984). Social power need and gender among college students. Psychological Reports, 55(1), 243-246.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230-258.
Browne, M. W., Cudeck, R., Tateneni, K., & Mels, G. (2008). CEFA: Comprehensive Exploratory Factor Analysis, Version 3.03 [Computer software and manual]. Retrieved from http://faculty.psy.ohio-state.edu/browne/.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81-105.
Carroll, L. (1987). A study of narcissism, affiliation, intimacy, and power motives among students in business administration. Psychological Reports, 61(2), 355-358.
Chusmir, L. H. (1986). Personalized and socialized power needs among working women and men. Human Relations, 39(2), 149-159.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
Cornelius, E. T., & Lane, F. B. (1984). The power motive and managerial success in a professionally oriented service industry organization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(1), 32-39.
Emmons, R. A. (1987). Narcissism: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 11-17.
Emmons, R. A. (1995). Levels and domains in personality: An introduction. Journal of Personality, 63(3), 341-364.
Entwisle, D. R. (1972). To dispel fantasies about fantasy-based measures of achievement motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 77(6), 377-391.
Fineman, S. (1977). The achievement motive construct and its measurement: Where are we now? British Journal of Psychology, 68(1), 1-22.
Fiske, S. T. (2010). Interpersonal stratification: Status, power, subordination. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (5th ed., pp. 941-982). New York: Wiley.
Fodor, E. M., & Farrow, D. L. (1979). The power motive as an influence on the use of power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(11), 2091-2097.
Fodor, E. M., & Riordan, J. M. (1995). Leader power motive and group conflict as influences on leader behavior and group member self- affect. Journal of Research in Personality, 29(4), 418-431.
Fodor, E. M., & Wick, D. P. (2009). Need for power and affective response to negative audience reaction to an extemporaneous speech. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(5), 721-726.
Good, L. R., & Good, K. C. (1972). An objective measure of the motive to attain social power. Psychological Reports, 30(1), 247-251.
Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7(2), 191-205.
Hofer, J., Busch, H., Bond, M. H., Campos, D., Li, M., & Law, R. (2010). The implicit power motive and sociosexuality in men and women: Pancultural effects of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(2), 380-394.
Jackson, D. N. (1967). Manual for the Personality Research Form. Goshen: Research Psychologist Press.
Jackson, D. N. (1984). Personality Research Form manual. Port Huron, MI: Research Psychologists Press.
Jemmott, J. B. (1987). Social motives and susceptibility to disease: Stalking individual differences in health risks. Journal of Personality, 55(2), 267-298.
Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Ilies, R., & Gerhardt, M. W. (2002). Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 765-780.
Kazen, M., & Kuhl, J. (2011). Directional discrepancy between implicit and explicit power motives is related to well-being among managers. Motivation and Emotion, 35(3), 317-327.
King, L. A. (1995). Wishes, motives, goals, and personal memories: Relations of measures of human motivation. Journal of Personality, 63(4), 985-1007.
Kunstman, J. W., & Maner, J. K. (2011). Sexual overperception: Power, mating motives, and biases in social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(2), 282-294.
Langan-Fox, J., & Grant, S. (2006). The thematic apperception test: Toward a standard measure of the big three motives. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87(3), 277-291.
Lilienfeld, S. O., Wood, J. M., & Garb, H. N. (2000). The scientific status of projective techniques. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 1(2), 27-66.
Magee, J. C., & Langner, C. A. (2008). How personalized and socialized power motivation facilitate antisocial and prosocial decision-making. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(6), 1547- 1559.
Mayer, J. D., Faber, M. A., & Xu, X. (2007). Seventy-five years of motivation measures (1930-2005): A descriptive analysis. Motivation and Emotion, 31(2), 83-103.
McAdams, D. P. (1988). Power, intimacy, and the life story: Personological inquiries into identity. New York: Guilford Press.
McAdams, D. P., Healy, S., & Krause, S. (1984). Social motives and patterns of friendship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(4), 828- 838.
McClelland, D. C. (1987). Human motivation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
McClelland, D. C., Koestner, R., & Weinberger, J. (1989). How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ? Psychological Review, 96(4), 690- 702.
Mischel, W. (2009). Becoming a cumulative science. APS Observer, 22(1). https://aps.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/observer/2009/january-09/becoming-a-cumulative-science.html에서 2014, 12, 2 자료 얻음.
Moser, K., & Gerth, A. (1986). Construction and validation of a power motive questionnaire. Psychological Reports, 58(1), 83-86.
Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in personality. New York: Oxford University Press.
Northouse, P. G. (2004). Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage Publications.
Paulhus, D. L. (1988). Manual for the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR-7). Toronto/Buffalo: Multi-Health Systems.
Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45(2), 590.
Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal- components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(5), 890-902.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Russell, B. (2003). 권력 [Power: A new social analysis]. (안정효 역). 서울: 열린책들. (원전은 1938에 출판).
Schönbrodt, F. D., & Gerstenberg, F. X. R. (2012). An IRT analysis of motive questionnaire: The unified motive scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(6), 725-742.
Schultheiss, O. C. (2008). Implicit motives. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 603-633). New York: Guilford Press.
Schultheiss, O. C. (2013). The hormonal correlates of implicit motives. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(1), 52-65.
Schultheiss, O. C., Dargel, A., & Rohde, W. (2003). Implicit motives and sexual motivation and behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(3), 224-230.
Schultheiss, O. C., & Pang, J. S. (2007). Measuring implicit motives. In R. W. Robins, R. C. Fraley & R. Krueger (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in personality psychology (pp. 322-344). New York: Guilford.
Schultheiss, O. C., Strasser, A., Rösch, A. G., Kordik, A., & Graham, S. C. C. (2012). Motivation. In V. S. Ramachandran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (2nd ed., pp. 650-656). Oxford, GB: Elsevier.
Schultheiss, O. C., Yankova, D., Dirlikov, B., & Schad, D. J. (2009). Are implicit and explicit motive measures statistically independent? A fair and balanced test using the picture story exercise and a cue-and response-matched questionnaire measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(1), 72-81.
Sokolowski, K., Schmalt, H. D., Langens, T. A., & Puca, R. M. (2000). Assessing achievement, affiliation, and power motives all at once: The Multi-Motive Grid (MMG). Journal of Personality Assessment, 74(1), 126-145.
Soley, L., & Smith, A. (2008). Projective techniques for social science and business research. The Southshore Press.
Thrash, T. M., Maruskin, L. A., & Martin, C. C. (2012). Implicit-explicit motive congruence. In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of human motivation (pp. 141-156). New York: Oxford University Press.
Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38(1), 1-10.
Veroff, J., Depner, C., Kulka, R., & Douvan, E. (1980). Comparison of American motives: 1957 versus 1976. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1249-1262.
Veroff, J., Reuman, D., & Feld, S. (1984). Motives in American men and women across the adult life span. Developmental Psychology, 20(6), 1142- 1158.
Wang, J., Liu, L., & Zheng, Y. (2011). Effects of implicit power motive on the processing of anger faces: An event-related potential study. Journal of Research in Personality, 45(5), 441-447.
Wiggins, J. S., Trapnell, P., & Phillips, N. (1988). Psychometric and geometric characteristics of the Revised Interpersonal Adjective Scales (IAS-R). Multivariate Behavioral Research, 23(4), 517-530.
Winter, D. G. (1973). The power motive. New York: Free Press.
Winter, D. G. (1987). Leader appeal, leader performance, and the motive profiles of leaders and followers: A study of American presidents and elections. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 196-202.
Winter, D. G. (1988). The power motive in women-and men. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(3), 510-519.
Winter, D. G. (1991). Manual for scoring motive imagery in running text (3rd ed.). Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Winter, D. G. (1992). Power motivation revisited. In. C. P. Smith (Ed.), Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. 301-310). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Winter, D. G. (1993). Power, affiliation, and war: Three test of a motivational model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(3), 532-545.
Winter, D. G. (2007). The role of motivation, responsibility, and integrative complexity in crisis escalation: Comparative studies of war and peace crises. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(5), 920-937.
Winter, D. G., John, O. P., Stewart, A. J., Klohnen, E. C., & Duncan, L. E. (1998). Traits and motives: Toward an integration of two traditions in personality research. Psychological Review, 105(2), 230-250.
Xu, X., Xu, Y., Mellor, D., & Duan, L. (2012). Motivation and social contexts: A crossnational pilot study of achievement, power, and affiliation motives. International Journal of Psychology, 47(2), 111-117.
Zubriggen, E. L. (2000). Social motives and cognitive power-sex associations: Predictors of aggressive sexual behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(3), 559-581.
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
- 0KCI 피인용수
- 0WOS 피인용수