Happiness and retrospective time perception: Time flies in happy memories

우리는 행복한 시간이 천천히 흘러가기를 바라지만 그 시간이 지나고 나면 늘 그 짧음에 아쉬워하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 과거를 행복했던 경험으로 의미 지어 회상하는 행위가 과거의 시간 흐름 지각에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 회상적 시간 판단(retrospective time estimation) 역시 인지 및 정서와 같은 다양한 요인에 의해 쉽게 영향을 받는 기억의 일종임을 고려하면, 과거를 행복했던 경험으로 떠올리는 것이 회상되는 사건의 유형에 영향을 주어, 주로 몰입했던 일화를 떠올리게 만들고, 결과적으로 과거의 시간 전체가 빠르게 흘러간 것으로 느끼게 할 것이라 예상할 수 있다. 이러한 가설을 검증하고자 연구 1에서는 일일 보고 방식을 통하여 행복감과 속도감의 정적관계를 확인하였다. 연구 2에서는 참여자에게 행복한 날과 불행한 날을 회상하게 하고 그날의 속도감과 몰입감을 측정하였다. 그 결과 행복 회상 조건에서 하루가 더 빨리 지나간 것을 발견하였다. 또한, 이러한 회상 조건과 속도감의 관계가 하루의 몰입감에 의해 매개되는 것을 확인하였다. 연구 3에서는 정서유발 영상을 통해 회상 시 행복감을 조작하여 실제 경험과는 독립적으로 그 효과를 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 실제 경험과 관계없이 조작된 행복감은 몰입감을 통하여 빠른 속도감 회상으로 이어졌다. 즉, 사람들이 과거의 특정 기간을 행복하다고 회상하게 되면 그 기간을 더 몰입한 것으로 기억하게 되어 빠르게 흘러간 것으로 느끼게 되는 경향이 있음을 시사한다.

keywords: 시간지각, 과거 회상, 행복, 몰입, time perception, retrospection, happiness, flow

Abstract

People say time flies during happy moments. We examined whether this truism would reflect reality using a retrospective paradigm. Specifically, we hypothesized that, once people think that they were happy within a certain time window, they would believe that time flew by so fast during the period. We further predicted that perceived flow would play a critical role in this process. In support of these hypotheses, Study 1 showed the predicted positive relation between happiness and retrospective time perception such that participants indicated that happier days passed more quickly during 14 days. In Study 2, participants recalling a happy day reported that time passed more quickly than those recalling an unhappy day. Moreover, perceived flow mediated the effect. Finally, Study 3 showed that manipulated happiness led participants to believe that time passed more quickly in their memory, independent of their actual experiences. Also, the mediating effect of perceived flow was replicated.

keywords: 시간지각, 과거 회상, 행복, 몰입, time perception, retrospection, happiness, flow

참고문헌

Avni-Babad, D., & Ritov, I. (2003). Routine and the perception of time. Journal of Experimental Psychology:General, 132(4), 543-550.

Bisson, N., Tobin, S., & Grondin, S. (2009). Remembering the duration of joyful and sad musical excerpts: Assessment with three estimation methods. NeuroQuantology, 7(1), 46-57.

Block, R. A., & Reed, M. A. (1978). Remembered duration: Evidence for a contextual-change hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4(6), 656-665.

Block, R. A., & Zakay, D. (1997). Prospective and retrospective duration judgments: A meta-analytic review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4(2), 184-197.

Block, R. A., Hancock, P. A., & Zakay, D. (2000). Sex differences in duration judgments: A meta-analytic review. Memory & Cognition, 28(8), 1333-1346.

Block, R. A., & Zakay, D. (2008). Timing and remembering the past, the present, and the future. In S. Grondin (Ed.), Psychology of time (pp. 367-394). Bingley, England: Emerald.

Block, R. A., & Gruber, R. P. (2014). Time perception, attention, and memory: a selective review. Acta Psychologica, 149, 129-133.

Brown, S. W. (2008). Time and attention: Review of the literature. In S. Grondin (Ed.), Psychology of time (pp. 111-138). Bingley, England: Emerald.

Brown, S. W., & Boltz, M. G. (2002). Attentional processes in time perception: Effects of mental workload and event structure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28(3), 600-615.

10.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal performance. NY: Cambridge University Press.

11.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: An introduction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 1-11.

12.

Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1984). The independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(5), 1105-1117.

13.

Droit-Volet, S., Brunot, S., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2004). Perception of the duration of emotional events. Cognition and Emotion, 18(6), 849-858.

14.

Droit-Volet, S., Trahanias, P., & Maniadakis, M. (2017). Passage of time judgments in everyday life are not related to duration judgments except for long durations of several minutes. Acta Psychologica, 173, 116-121.

15.

Eagleman, D. M. (2010). Duration illusions and predictability. In A. C. Nobre & J. T. Coull (Eds.), Attention and time (pp. 151-162). Oxford:Oxford University Press.

16.

Folta-Schoofs, K., Wolf, O. T., Treue, S., & Schoofs, D. (2014). Perceptual complexity, rather than valence or arousal accounts for distracter-induced overproductions of temporal durations. Acta Psychologica, 147, 51-59.

17.

Frederickx, S., Verduyn, P., Koval, P., Brans, K., Brunner, B., Laet, I. D., Ogrinz, B., Pe, M., & Hofmans, J. (2013). The relationship between arousal and the remembered duration of positive events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 27(4), 493-496.

18.

Grondin, S. (2010). Time and time perception: A review of recent behavioural and neuroscience findings and theoretical directions. Attention, Perception &Psychophysics, 72(3), 561-582.

19.

Grondin, S., Laflamme, V., Bisson, N., & Désautels, F. (2014). The delay before recall changes the remembered duration of 15‐minute video sequences. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28(5), 677-684.

20.

Hancock, P. A., & Weaver, J. L. (2005). On time distortion under stress. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 6(2), 193-211.

21.

Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed). New York: Guilford.

22.

Kahneman, D. (1999). Objective happiness. In D. Kahnemann, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundation of hedonic psychology (pp. 3-25). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

23.

King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J. L., & Del Gaiso, A. K. (2006). Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(1), 179-196.

24.

Leclerc, F., Schmitt, B. H., & Dube, L. (1995). Waiting time and decision making: Is time like money?. Journal of Consumer Research, 22(1), 110-119.

25.

Lee, Y. S., Chang, J. Y., & Choi, J. N. (2017). Why reject creative ideas? fear as a driver of implicit bias against creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 29(3), 225-235.

26.

Maynard, D. C., & Hakel, M. D. (1997). Effects of objective and subjective task complexity on performance. Human Performance, 10(4), 303-330.

27.

Mitchell, T. R., Thompson, L., Peterson, E., & Cronk, R. (1997). Temporal adjustments in the evaluation of events: The “rosy view”. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33(4), 421-448.

28.

Moray, N. (1982). Subjective mental workload. Human Factors, 24(1), 25-40.

29.

Nasoz, F., Alvarez, K., Lisetti, C. L., & Finkelstein, N. (2004). Emotion recognition from physiological signals using wireless sensors for presence technologies. Cognition, Technology & Work, 6(1), 4-14.

30.

Perlow, L. A. (1999). The time famine: Toward a sociology of work time. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(1), 57-81.

31.

Prentice, D. A., & Miller, D. T. (1992). When small effects are impressive. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 160-164.

32.

Quigley, K. S., Lindquist, K. A., & Barrett, L. F. (2014). Inducing and measuring emotion and affect: Tips, tricks, and secrets. In H. T. Reis &C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 220-252). New York: Cambridge University Press.

33.

Rammsayer, T. H. (1997). On the relationship between personality and time estimation. Personality and Individual Differences, 23(5), 739-744.

34.

Robinson, M. D., & Clore, G. L. (2002). Episodic and semantic knowledge in emotional self-report:evidence for two judgment processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(1), 198-215.

35.

Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110(1), 145-172.

36.

Sackett, A. M., Meyvis, T., Nelson, L. D., Converse, B. A., & Sackett, A. L. (2010). You’re having fun when time flies: The hedonic consequences of subjective time progression. Psychological Science, 21(1), 111-117.

37.

Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being:Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(3), 513-523.

38.

Sharot, T. (2012). The optimism bias: Why we're wired to look on the bright side. London, UK: Constable &Robinson Limited.

39.

Snijders, T., & Bosker, R. (1999). Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and applied multilevel analysis. London: Sage.

40.

Thönes, S., & Wittmann, M. (2016). Time perception in yogic mindfulness meditation—Effects on retrospective duration judgments and time passage. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 3(4), 316-325.

41.

Vercoulen, J. H., Swanink, C. M., Fennis, J. F., Galama, J. M., van der Meer, J. W., & Bleijenberg, G. (1994). Dimensional assessment of chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38(5), 383-392.

42.

Vohs, K. D., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2003). Self-regulation and extended now: Controlling the self alters the subjective experience of time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 217-230.

43.

Wittmann, M., & Paulus, M. P. (2008). Decision making, impulsivity and time perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(1), 7-12.

44.

Yamada, Y., & Kawabe, T. (2011). Emotion colors time perception unconsciously. Consciousness and Cognition, 20(4), 1835-1841.

바로가기메뉴

논문 상세

Vol.32 No.3

행복 회상과 시간지각: 행복한 시간은 빨리 지나간 것으로 기억된다

Happiness and retrospective time perception: Time flies in happy memories

초록

Abstract

참고문헌

한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격