Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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ISSN : 1229-0653
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Vol.7 No.2
Abstract
Errors in the Person-perception indicate social conflicts. One of these errors is the social-egocentrism indentifing a role as an individual. This study investigates the effects of the social-egocentrism on social conflicts in two aspects. First, because the social-egocentrism makes people unknow that other's assertions come from their particular roles, people perceive that their assertions cannot be compatible with other's assertions. Therefore, they tend to resolve conflicts by win-loss method based on zero-sum game. Second, because the social-egocentrism makes people perceive the behavior based on the role as the behavior based on an individual, it makes people misperceive the conflict between the roles as the conflict between individuals. So the aggresiveness toward others is increased and the conflict gets worse. Empirical data about these hopothesis from the social -egocentrism is examined throuth the author and his colleagues' experiments.
Abstract
The fact that koreans have their own unique cultural history and heritage suggests the possibility that koreans' psychology is also unique to koreans and different from the psychology of westerners. It was attempted here to analyse the psychological concepts in everyday usage which were supposed to reflect characteristic make-ups of korean psychology. For the purpose the concepts of Cheong, Woori, Chemyon, Noonchi, and Han were analised from the perspective of indigenous psychology, finally construing koreans' self-psychology. Koreans self are characterised as being defined in group showing great concern about interpersonal relationship having developed very subtle way of emotional and implicit communications, having high sensitivity to social face, and their deep emotional stratum being stuffed with ambivalent emotional quality of anger and repentance, that is, Han.
Abstract
This study is to see if the personal disposition - personality traits, religious experience and degree of achievement - has any interactional relation or covariance to negative results of the social phenomena, achievement, and unexpected events in the three aspects of attributional process. The focus of this study is to investigate the relation between personal traits and attribution, the interaction between attribution according to personality and academic achievements, and the interaction between personality according to religious experience and religious orientation and academic achievements. The subjects of this study consist of 342 university students. The tools for the personality diagnostic testing is of the inventory type, the questionaire is made of three scales for attribution and the scale for the religious orientation (intrinsic and extrinsic) comprises 20 items. The results of this study is as follows. In the attribution of the social phenomena of the whole subjects, the personality traits of the social disposition - dominance, sociability, and responsibility - have significant reciprocal effects, but among Christians, such personality traits as emotional stability and superiority, appeared as having strong reciprocal effects. Further, though significant attributional differences according to the religious orientations was not found, yet the covariance of emotional stability, responsibility and conformity was found to have significant differences.
Abstract
This study examined the effect of physical attractiveness on interpersonal perception and impression judgment in Koreans. In Experimentl, subjects examined photographs (face) of a man and a woman whose face was either highly attractive, moderately attractive or unattractive. Subjects then evaluated the personality characteristics and role effectiveness of the target person in family and job situations, and indicated the degree with which subjects would be satisfied at the possible relationship with the target person as a friend, employee, date and spouse. Experiment2 reexmined the effect of physical attractiveness as well as whether individual differences in self-monitoring and sex-role type influenced the effect of physical attractivencess on impression judgment. The results of both experiments demonstrated that physically attractive women were perceived as being sociable, extrovert, rather cold, unkind, and vain. The results also showed that people evaluated physically attractive women as less effective in their role in home and job situations, and as less desirable as friends and employees- than less attractive women. However, subjects rated the target person more desirable as a date or a spouse, the more attractive she was. In contrast to the evaluation regarding female targets, the evaluation toward male targets demonstrated a halo effect of physical attractiveness. Physically attractive males were perceived as being sociable, extrovert, confident, warm and kind. They were also evaluated as more effective in their role in home and job situations, and more desirable as friends, employees, dates and spouses than unattractive males. These cultural differences in the effect of physical attractiveness were discussed as implicating the cultural-specific face prototypes, which might affect interpersonal evaluation and judgment.
Abstract
Two related hypotheses were tested ; (1) the Christians who strongly believe in Rapture would be more likely to value sharedness(rather than uniqueness) of their beliefs than the Christians who only weakly believe in Rapture; (2) the atheists who strongly reject Rapture would be more likely to value uniqueness(rather than uniqueness) of their beliefs than the atheists who only weakly reject Rapture. The dependent measure was obtained by subjects' guessing on how much % of their ingroup members would agree with their own beliefs on Rapture. The predicted interaction between the level of conviction (the strength of subjects' beliefs) and the group (Christians vs. atheists) to which subjects belong was significant. In addition, it was found that although both the Christians and atheists tended to rely more on the consensus of a belief-relevant ingroup than on that of a belief-irrelevant ingroup, such a tendency was more striking among the Christians than among the atheists. This implies that heavy reliance on belief-relevant ingroup's consensus may lead to a cohesive religious group's "groupthink" (Janis, 1972) or collective behavior. Even though irrelevant to religion. any belief which has an attribute of "shared wishfulness" (Abelson, 1986) such as beliefs on Rapture might lead to radical collective thoughts or behavior. The results of this study also suggest that the polarized perception of the ingroup norm as a mediator of group polarization would occur more readily among those who value sharedness of beliefs relatively more than uniqueness of them such as Christians with high conviction and atheists with low conviction.
Abstract
Former researchers conceptualized consistency in criminal sentencing as the agreement between different judges on the same criminal cases. A difficulty associated with this definition of consistency is the fact that a single case is seldom judged by multiple judges. Since it is extremely rare to find the cases in which different judges independently deliver sentences, the empirical verification of the consistency in sentencing based upon the former definition is hard to accomplish. The present paper suggests a new operational definition of the consistency in sentencing as the correlation between the sentencing factors codified by statutes and the actual sentencing outcomes. This new definition is systematically related to that by the former researchers. The former definition is based upon the assumption that the agreement between different judges occurs due to the same statutory principles underlying their judgments. If this assumption is met and thus the judgments of different judges agree with one another, the actual sentencing outcomes which are rendered by many different judges should be correlated with the sentencing factors codified by statutes. This new definition of consistency in sentencing do not create any conflict with the principle of discretion regarding criminal sentencing. A data set on sexual assault was reanalysed in order to describe the analytic procedure of verifying the consistency in sentencing by using the new definition of the consistency.
Abstract
The present study was to investigate the impacts of cognitive bias due to perceptual salience and motivational bias by group membership on individual's group information processing. In addition, it was studied whether the impacts of cognitive bias and motivational bias were affected by two inference processes, memory-based inference process and on-line inference process. In order to manipulate the group memership, two groups (KyungsangDo group vs ChunraDo group) were selected and subjects were sampled according to the growth area. The result found the moderate effect of cognitive bias and motivational bias on individual's group information processing. That is to say, in memory-based inference process, the illusory correlation based on overestimation of co-occurrence of distinctive events was found by the subjects who were in majority group and was not by the subjects in minority group. In on-line inference process, the subjects that were in majority or minority group showed the overestimation of favorable information and the underestimation of unfavorable information about their own group. It means that motivational bias due to group membership affected on informational processing. The result of study suggest that both the cognitive bias due to perceptual salience and the motivational bias by group membership has an influence on individual's group information processing.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of facial attractiveness and male clothing type on the subjects'inferences for the wearers'. The subjects' impressions for clothing wearers were measured by semantic-differential scales. The model with 3 levels of facial attractiveness and 6 types of clothing were presented by color photographs. The subjects of 60 male and female undergraduates were used for this study. The study showed that the facial attractiveness and the type of clothing gave influence on the subjects' impressions for the models'intelligence, sociableness and attractive ness. For the subjects'impressions for the intelligence and attractiveness, the type of clothing was more influential than facial attractiveness. Whereas for the impression of sociableness, facial attractiveness was more influential. For the subjects' impressions for the models' intelligence, sociableness, and attractiveness, the 'halo' effect of facial attractiveness was appeared. When all the models had on the clothing of company employees and salesmen, the models' intelligence, sociable- ness, attractiveness were rated more higher when the models were presented without clothings. However, when all the models had on the clothings of entertainers, artists, and laborers, the models were rated by the observers do be lower in their intelligence, sociableness, and attractiveness than the models were presented with face only.
Abstract
The conflict between the Youngnam and the Honam district has been one of seriously social problems that bans the development of our nation. In addition to such conflict, another conflict seems to be formed newly in the nation because people of other areas except for the Youngnam and Honam districts are likely to see the Youngnam district with an unsual view. On the basis of equity theory, all the people want to have such a share as they work, but people from the Youngnam district are thought to have more allotment in politics, economy, army, etc. compared with people from other areas. The main purpose of this study is to explore NYHP's impression formation toward Youngnam people including the Honam. The reason why the Honam is included in such a view is that the two areas(the Young-and Honam) have been confronted for a long time. For the study, the personal characteristises which Asch (1946) used in his experiment were included-stimuli characteristics; intelligent, skillful, industrious, warm (cold), determine, practical, cautious and responses characteristics; generous, wise, good--nature. reliable, important. As well, the stimuli, Youngnam and Honam people were included at the first in the list of stimulus characteristics. Each of subjects was given and responded to one of six conditions, a combination of the Youngnam persons, Homan people or the NYHP with warm/cold_ The NYHP, 268 of the total subject, 291 are alanyzed, by group survey, in the study. In the "warm" condition, the NYHP sees the Young/Homan people unreliable and the Homan persons unimportant. Also, in the "cold" condition, they views the Youngnam persons are unwise and the Homan people unreliable. They consider people from Youngnam and Homan districts unimportant compared to themselves. The main finding of this study is that the Youngnam people who have been viewed as relatively reliable ones are evaluated untrustingly. This study examined the effect of physical attractiveness on interpersonal perception and impression judgment in Koreans. In Experiment1. subjects examined photographs of a man and a woman whose face was either highly attractive, moderately attractive or unattractive. Subjects then evaluated the personality characteristics and role effectiveness of the target person in family and job situations, and indicated the degree with which subjects will be satisfied at the possible relationship with the target person as a friend, employee, date and marital partner.