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- P-ISSN1226-9654
- E-ISSN2733-466X
- KCI
ISSN : 1226-9654
Vol.2
Abstract
Two experiments were performed to compare the powers of the two alternative explanations, the simple cell-like mechanism and the symbolic processing mechanism, for the perception of the Glass pattern. The first experiment tested the effect of size difference between the two pairwise elements in the Glass pattern. The Result shows that the structure of the Glass pattern persists untill the size of one of the pairwise dot elements is enlarged up to 0.14˚×0.14˚ from its original size of 0.03˚×0.05˚ but disappears beyond that range. This range coincides with the upper limit in the size dimension of the simple cells found by Hubel & Wiesel(1968) in the monkey striate cortex, which suggests that the simple cell-like mechanism may be responsible for the perception of Glass pattern. While the second experiment tested the effectiveness of color information as a relevant stimulus property in the perception of the Glass pattern and the result show that although color information might he a relevant stimulus property, its effect is so weak that the effect may readily disappear when the signs of luminance contrast are different. Such a weak effect of the same or similar color implies the symbolic processing mechanism based on the similarity between the two pairwise dot elements may be inadequate for explaining the perception of Glass pattern and the results could be more adequately explained by the recent physiological research findings reporting the low resolution power of the channel responsible for color information processing. In conclusion, the results of this study imply that the perception of Glass pattern could be more adequately explained by the simple cell-like mechanism rather than the symbolic processing mechanism.
Abstract
Multiple unit activity(MUA) was recorded from the cerebellar dentato-interpositus nucleus during classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response(NMR) in the rabbit with a tone conditioned stimulus(CS) and an airpuff unconditioned stimulus(US). The MUA was processed to 16msec bin histogram and the NMR was averaged in each session respectively. The result showed that The averaged NMR was highly correlated with the histogram and that the histogram of MUA preceded the averaged NMR by several tens millisecond. This supports the previous reports that dentato-interpositus nucleus may be the neural substrate of the NMR conditioning. In some studies, it was reported that the stimulation of accessory abducens nucleus as US can support the NMR conditioning. So, one purpose of this study was the examination of the role of accessory abducens nucleus in the NMR conditioning. Following days of aquisition, the nucleus was lesioned electrolytically. The result showed that the lesion abolished both conditioned and unconditioned responses, but MUA recorded from deutatointerpositus nucleus maintains the same level as it prior to lesion. Results suggest that accessory abducens nucleus is merely motor output nucleus and isn't involved in the retention of the NMR conditioning.
Abstract
A series of experiments were conducted to explore how the attention mechanism controls the stimulus probability effects and also global vs local precedence phenomena. We varied the nature of hierarchical stimulus sets based on Garnet's (1978) approach and the probability of the level that should be filtered in the stimulus pattern. Stimulus sets significantly altered precedence phenomena. Stimulus probability also modulated the magnitudes of interference in regard to either global or local precedence. The pattern of results indicates that attention to a given level influences a mode of precedence via changing the activation level of the name codes in a hierarchical pattern. Implications of our results were discussed in view of several precedence models.
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of diazepam(1mg/kg) on the conditional freezing and analgesic responses in 96 Sparague-Dawley female rats, using 2-trial conditioned fear test. On the first training day, each rat was placed in the observation chamber, and 3 min later recieved shock three times(0.75s, 1mA) at a 20-s intershock interval. During the second testing day, the animal`s behavior was observed according to a time-sampling procedure in the same preshocked chamber. Results showed that diazepam, administered before the 1st trial, caused an decrease in freezing observed 24hr later(exp 1). The duration of activity burst that occurred following shock in testing period was decreased when diazepam given was before testing(exp 2). In formalin test, diazepam given before training decreased freezing response but increased formalin-induced recuperative behavior, i. e blocked conditioned analgesia(exp 3). The finding that diazepam given before training attenuate both conditional responses suggested that the freezing and analgesia are mediated by a common underlying process. It was also argued that diazepam's effect on the modulation of conditioned fear is attributed to the interference of the processing of novel contextual cue rather than the decreasing of perceived shock intensity.
Abstract
This study is to examine whether dopamine is involved in the conditioned blocking. In the blocking paradigm, prior training to a conditioned stimulus(CS-A) blocks the ability to attend to a second conditioned stimulus(CS-B) when the two form a compound stimulus(CS-AB) in a subsequent training. Blocking is an associative process by which animal learn to ignore CS-B because it contains no new information regarding the reinforcing event. The blocking effect was assessed in a standard shuttle box. The onset of the tone signalled the footshock in stage 1. In stage 2, the compound stimulus of the tone and the light signalled the shock. The testing stage consisted of 16 nonreinforced presentations each of CS-A, CS-B and a novel dim light stimulus. The blocking ratio was obtained by dividing the number of conditioned avoidance responses (CAR) emitted to the light by the total number of CARs emitted to both light and tone. Experiment 1 showed that 1mg/kg apomorphine attenuated the blocking effect. In experiment 2, blocking was also disrupted with 0.1mg/kg apomorphine coupled with dopamine receptor supersensitivity produced by prolonged pretreatment with haloperidol. These results suggest that dopamine hyperactivity in the brain disrupted blocking which is interpreted as a selective attention deficit. This attentional deficit bears some resemblance to attentional disorder seen among schizophrenic patients.
Abstract
In taste aversion learning paradigm, aversive conditioning of odor CS is stronger when it is presented with taste CS than presented alone. This has been explained to be due to be within-compound association, i.e. association between CSs. If it is true, the strength of association between CSs and the degree of potentiation will be related somehow. Present experiment is aimed to test this relationship. In experiment 1, three pairs of CSs in which taste stimulus was common(taste-tactile, taste-sound, taste-odor) were paired with sickness by injecting LiCl. Thereafter it was examined whether the degree of potentiation of each group was different. Experiment 2 was designed to test that the degree of potentiation in Experiment 1 was in accord with that of within-compound association. Its procedures were as follows. Three pairs of CSs were paired with sickness by injecting LiCl as in Experiment 1. On the next day, taste CS was further paired with sickness in each group. On the fourth day all subjects were tested whether the degree of aversion to tactile, sound, and odor stimulus was different. Results indicate that the hypothesis is supported at least in taste-tactile, taste-odor group.
Abstract
In three experiments. the effects of the distance between cue and recall target in semantic network, and text organization on the recall of text details were investigated. Experiment 1 showed that organized text was more effective on the college students' text recall than scrambled one. But there was no difference between long distance cue and short distance cue. and there was no interaction effect between the distance of cues and text organization. In experiment 2, it was founded that organized text was more effective on middle school students' recall but there was no difference between the distances of cue-target. Also, there was no interaction effect between the distances of cue-target, and text organization. In experiment 3, it was not found the effect of the distance of cue-target on the middle school students' recall too.
Abstract
Cerebellum has been shown to be critically involved in the aversive classical condtioning. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the cerebellum is essential to learn lever pressing conditioning of the rat using trained to press a lever in the Skinner box to get a drop of water. After interpositus and dentate nuclei. Six animals that were lesioned bilaterally at the interpositus and dentate nuclei and eight ones lesiond at the surrounding areas showed good retention as well as six control animals that were sham-operarted. In experiment 2, twelve animals were lesioned at the cerebellar interpositus and dentate nuclei and seven ones were sham-operated and then all lesioned at the interpositus and dentate nuclei and three ones lesioned at the surrounding areas displayed no difference from seven control ones in the acquisition. The results indicate that the cerebellum is not critically involved in the appetitive instrumental conditioning of the rat.
Abstract
This study examined the effects of embedded headings and segmenting on comprehension and recall of expository text. In Experiment I, subjects were asked simply to read and recall the passage at their own speed. However, no effects were found of embedded headings and segmenting the idea units within passage. In Experiment II, subjects were instructed to use embedded headings in encoding and retrieval. The results indicated that there was a significant interaction between the embedded headings and segmenting. In no-heading condition, subjects whose text was not segmented significantly outperformed subjects whose text was segmented. In segmenting condition, subjects provided with text containing embedded headings significantly outperformed subjects whose text did not contain embedded headings. The mechanism of the effects of embedded headings and segmenting on comprehension and recall of text is discussed.
Abstract
Classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of rabbits has been shown to be critically upon the cerebllum. The present study was conducted to answer the question of whether the cerebellum is also critically involved in the acquisition and retention of aversive instrumental conditioning of the rat. In experiment 1, all animals were trained to press a lever in order to avoid or escape electric shock. When animals press the lever during the tone signal or during the shock following the tone, the tone and shock is discontinued. After training, subjects of experimental group were lesioned bilaterally at the cerebellar interpositus and dentate nuclei. Six animals that were lesioned bilaterally at the interpositus and dentate nuclei and six animals lesioned at the surrounding areas displayed good retention as well as seven control animals that were sham - operated. In experiment 2, forteen animals of experimental group were lesioned bilaterally at the interpositus and dentate nuclei bilaterally and seven control ones in the acqusition of the task. The results indicate that the cerebellum is not a critical neural substrate in the aversive instrumental conditioning of the rat.
Abstract
To examine effects of different encoding strategies and photographic mode and pose on face recognition, two experiments were performed employing the facial episodic memory paradigm. In Experiment 1, experimenter manipulated encoding processes having three levels such as intentional, physical, or semantic one, the photographic pose having two levels such as successive presentation of same two pictures or two of one same and the second new picture, and the test photograph mode either of using the old or new ones. In Experiment 2, the mode of full face photographes used at study and at test was either color pictured or B / W respectively. Furthermore, the pose was either of same expressionless or novel smiling ones. Four conclusions were drawn. First, the semantic encoding processing was not necess~Uily superior to the physical It was more effective when the pose of test photographer was variable, but, surprisingly, the physical encoding was rather better when the pose was constant. Second, when the test photographer were changed either in pose or color, the recognition performance was declined. However, the detimental effect of picture pose was particularly powerful. Third, the color picture was generally positive in effect and, finally, male and females were not different in face recognition ability. Findings were mainly discussed in terms of the model of face processing proposed by Bruce and Young(1986), encoding specificity hypothesis, and amount of information hypothesis.
Abstract
The purpose of present sutdy investigated the effect of haloperidol and L-dopa on the gastric ulcerationin in mice, 30 Male mice were separated from their own litters on the weaning (21±1 days) and then reared in group for 60 days. The mice were randomly allocated into three groups: 1) Saline group. Haloperidol(1mg/kg) group, L-dopa(150mg/kg) group. They were immobilized individually in supine-restraint devicers at 4℃, and after 1hr of cold restraint and 1½hr postrestraint rest period. The mice were sacrificed with an overdose Chloral Hydrate(400mg/kg, ip). The stomachs were then dissected out, cut alling the greater curvature, washed in cold water and examined micrescopically(×100) for gastric lesions. Histological samples were assessors in four scales. The results obtained were as follow; 1) L-dopa treated group revealed significantly lower stress-induced ulceration score than saline treatment group.
Abstract
This study was investigated to hippocampal θ rhythm and multiple unit response during classical conditioning of rabbit`s nictitating membrane response. Hippocampal θ rhythm usually was classified into type 1 and type 2. According to various electrophysiological researches, type 1 θ rhythm was highly correlated with voluntary behavior and type 2 θ rhythm with automatic behavior, but there were studies which assert that type 1 θ rhythm was correlated with sensory information processing. So, this study was an attempt to investigate those results as compared paired conditioning group with unpaired control group. Paired group was presented 500msec tone CS followed 100msec air puff US after 400msec interstimulus interval. But unpaired group was presented 500msec tone and 100msec air puff independently. There was no difference in distinction of θ rhythm between the two group. Again, there was no correlation between θ rhythm and conditioned response. But, there was high correlation between multiple unit response and conditioned response. The result indicated that type 1 θ rhythm was highly correlated with presentation of tone and air puff in both group, this result suggest that type 1 θ rhythm is correlated with subject`s information processing.
Abstract
The present study examined the elaboration effedts of advanced organizers and self-questioning on text comprehension and thematic interest. The advanced organizer is constituted in terms of inclusive concepts and reality referential contexts. By varing the referential context the two versions of organizer text were produced: objective vs. subjective organizer. The self-questioning is manipulated in terms of levels of elaboration, which represent the horizons of comprehension: text-bounded level, beyond-the-text going level, and integrated level of these two. On each independent variables(the experimenter-generated organizer texts and the subject-generated questions) the treatment check was conducted. As a result, the advanced organizer showed no effect on cognitive tearing outcomes, which are measured by verbatim memory test and comprehension test. But it exerted significant effects on arousing thematic interest. The self-questioning was effective on enhancing not only cognitive learning outcomes but also interest. It is notable that the highst test scores result from asking questions at the beyond-the-text goint level of comprehension. It needs further research based on more specified motivational theories to explain the disordinal interaction effect on interest.
Abstract
Multiple unit activity(MUA) was recorded from the cerebellar dentato-interpositus nucleus during classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response(NMR) in 12 rabbits, with the use of a tone conditioned stimulus(CS: 1kHz, 85㏈ 300msec), and an airpuff unconditioned stimulus(US:100g/cm<sup>2</sup>, 100msec). Comparisons of MUA with the amplitude-time course of NMR show that they are closely related and it supports previous studies that cerebellum is critically involved in acquisition of conditioned NMR. Following 5 days of the acquisition trainning, contralateral red nucleus(RN) was lesioned electrolytically. Results show that lesions of the RN completely abolished the previously established CR but not UR. No signs of CR recovery was seen after the additional 2 days of relearning period. This result is consistent with previous studies which have demonstrated that RN is an essential locus mediating the classically conditioned NMR. Neuronal responses were decrease after lesion. Even though this decrease is not statistically significant, it suggests that red nucleus does not only relay CR to the accessory abducens nucleus but also has some effect on cerebellar neuronal activity through another unidentified pathway.
Abstract
In Korean written language there are Chinese homophones which have different Chinese characters but have the same sound in Korean spoken language. So those Chinese homophones are orthographically unambiguous but phonologically ambiguous to Korean. Using the Chinese homophones and Chinese-character-nonwords which had the same sound as Chinese homophones in Korean language, lexical decision task and sentence meaningfulness judgement task were performed to Korean subjects to examine the nature of phonological coding during reading of Chinese-character-words. Subjects made lexical decisions to Korean target words which were associates of the orthographically-related meaning or phonologically-related meaning of a Chinese homophone prime or phonologically-related meaning of a chinese-character-nonword prime. Results indicated that orthographically-related prime words and both of phonologically-related prime words and nonwords showed facilitative effects on lexical decisions, suggesting that prelexical phonological codes were generated during silent reading. And the effects of the former condition were larger than those of both of latter conditions, suggesting that direct access to lexical representations without mediation of prelexical code was also available. But results of sentence meaningfulness judgement task were contrary to those of lexical decision task. Subjects gave sentence meaningfulness judgements on sentences each of which involved a Chinese-character word or nonword. Contextually these were orthographically-inappropriate but phonologically-appropriate words or nonwords, or phonologically-inappropriate words(control condition), Significant results were found only on error rate measure but not found on RT measure. On error rates inhibitory effects were shown at phonologically-inappropriate word condition but not shown at phonologically-inappropriate nonword condition, suggesting that postlexical phonological codes were generated. It was suggested that the phonological processes when reading Chinese-character-words may be governed by characteristics of task demands.
Abstract
The role of aluminium as a neurotoxic agent has been demonstrated in many independent investigations. In our study, chronic intoxication of the rat CNS produced by epidural application of an aluminium salt led to neuronal degeneration of tissue distal to the primary lesion. Furthermore, the alterations seem to be restricted to distinct populations of neurons. Preliminary neuropathological data are reported.
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to answer the question whether or not the lesion of central amygdaloid nucleus inhibites the development of a conflict stress induced stomach ulcer, 40 rats were randomly assigned into two groups, that is, a central amygdaloid nucleus lesion group and a sham - operationed group. One week after surgery, they were put in Skiner Box and received electric shock as a conflict stress. After the experiment, the stomach was removed as soon as possible. The lesion group had inhibited significantly the development of stomach ulcer, whereas the sham - operated group did not inhibit the development of the ulcer. The results suggest that the central amygdaloid nucleus is a neural substrate that responds to the conflict stress as well as any other type of stress.
Abstract
Two experiments were designed to test predictions derived from a process model (Atwood & Polson, 1976) of the water-jug problem. The subjects' short-term memory load was reduced by presentation of figures regarding the results of possible moves and also by employing a paper-pencil test. Unlike the results reported by Atwood. Masson and Polson (1980), the memory condition greatly improved the subjects' performance in solving this problem and so did the presentation of subgoals. Possible implications of these results for the procss model were discussed.
Abstract
Electrical or chemical activation of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) can produce antinociception in rats. This study investigated the functional involvement of midbrain structures, especially the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), in antinociception from the NTS. The threshold for NTS stimulation - produced antinociception (SPA) was tested before and after the following lesions: 1) Knife sections at the rostral and/ or caudal limits of the midbrain; 2) Electrolytic lesions of the PAG; and 3) Spinal lesions. An increase in SPA threshold occured after sections caudal but not rostral to the PAG, after lesions in dorsal and lateral but not ventral PAG, and after complete spinal transection or selective bilateral section of the dorsolateral funiculus. It is suggested that antinociception triggered by activation of the NTS is mediated in part by NTS projections to the PAG.
Abstract
This is a taxonomic study of the vocabulary of affects in Korea. Many study in other cultures showed that affects can be contrracted into 2-9 basic emotions and suggested some criteria of affective attributes. In this study, subjects were asked to rate their mood and korean poems through 72 five-point unipolar scale of afectve terms, which have been extracted and filtered in pre-test. The surveyed data was analyzed by factor analysis and cluster analysis, and we could see results supporting for Ekman's and Weiner's suggestions.
Abstract
Measurement is defined as a process of assigning numbers to the empirical relations. There are three camps in measurement theory vying for dominance in social science. In the representation theory, numbers can be assigned to the empirical system only when certain axioms are satisfied. In the scaling theory, they assume that there exist quantitative traits in the empirical relations system. Thus they utilize scaling models to extract the quantity. In the operational theory, they define measurement as any kind of consistent procedure or logic of assigning numbers. Operational theorists are not concerned about axioms as in the representation theory. Also they do not need any model to extract numbers as in the scaling theory.
Abstract
The value of the language laboratory as a foreign language teaching tool has long been controversial, due at least partly to the paucity of empirical studies. The present study suggests the possibility of an integrated use of the laboratory in teaching all language skills, and proposes a methodology (at odds with the traditional approach) which requires students to take a more active role in the learning process. Specifically, the usual method of presenting materials for listening practice with the aid of written scripts is compared with a format in which students listen to new materials without the help of a text. It is concluded that the students who are required to rely solely on an auditory mode in fact improve listeing comprehension skills more rapidly than students who have the aid of scripts during laboratory sessions.