바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

Psychological Stability Differences in Social Anxiety Subtypes

The Korean Journal of Health Psychology / The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, (P)1229-070X; (E)2713-9581
2010, v.15 no.2, pp.261-279
https://doi.org/10.17315/kjhp.2010.15.2.006


  • Downloaded
  • Viewed

Abstract

This study used cluster analysis procedures to identify natural subgroups of 244 Korean college students in terms of their levels of ̔social interaction anxiety', ̔performance anxiety',and ̔presentation anxiety'. And then the characteristics of each subgroups were explored on the basis of the students' scores on psychological stability (negative affect, self-esteem, and stable attachment). The results revealed that three subgroups were identified. These groups were labelled: (1) low level social anxiety (2) pervasive social anxiety (3) middle level social anxiety with high presentation anxiety. Additionally, results from a MANOVA analysis revealed that each cluster showed significant differences on negative affect(η2 =.18),self-esteem(η2 =.20), and stable attachment(η2=.10). This results showed that the three subgroups have their own characteristics. The current findings suggest that in exploring social anxiety, individual differences on the levels of ̔social interaction anxiety', ̔performance anxiety', and ̔presentation anxiety' should be fully considered. The current study offers useful implications for counseling psychologists who work with the clients with social anxiety in terms of research and practice.

keywords
Social Interactive Anxiety, Performance Anxiety, Presentation Anxiety, Psychological Stability, classification, 발표 불안, 사회적 상호작용 불안, 수행 불안, 심리적 안정감, 군집

Reference

1.

김향숙 (2000). 사회공포증 하위 유형의 기억 편향. 서울대학교 석사학위 청구논문.

2.

박선영 (2003). 사회불안 유발상황의 구분 및 사회불안 하위유형의 차별적 특성. 서울대학교 석사학위청구논문.

3.

박은경 (1993). 애착유형이 자존감 및 대인관계에 미치는 영향. 이화여자대학교 석사학위 청구논문.

4.

신혜린, 이기학 (2008). 성인애착과 성별에 따른 대학생 사회불안의 차이. 한국심리학회: 일반, 27(1), 139-159.

5.

이연희, 김은정, 이민규 (2003). 한국판 정적 정서 및 부정 정서 척도(PANAS)의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회: 임상, 22(4), 935-946.

6.

이유정 (1994). 성격특질이 기분의 수준 및 변화성에 미치는 영향. 중앙대학교 대학원 박사학위 청구논문.

7.

전병제 (1974). 자아 개념 측정 가능성에 관한 연구. 연세논총, 11. 107-130.

8.

조용래, 이민규, 박상학 (1999). 한국판 발표불안척도의 신뢰도와 타당도에 관한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 18, 165-178.

9.

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

10.

Amies, P. L., Gelder, M. G., & Shaw, P. M. (1983). Social phobia: A comparative clinical study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 174-179.

11.

Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationships to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 427-454.

12.

Arnold, M. (2001). The decision to work with the older adult: Attachment, death anxiety and attitudes toward old people. Unpublished doctor's dissertation, Columbia University, New York.

13.

Bar-Haim Y., Dan O., Eshel Y., Sagi-Schwartz A. (2007). Predicting children's anxiety from early attachment relationships. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 21. 1061-1068.

14.

Beidel, D., Turner, S., Stanley, M., & Dancu, C. (1989). The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory: concurrent and external validity. Behavior Therapy, 20, 417-427.

15.

Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1991). Measures of self-esteem. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & Wrightsman, L. S. (Eds.) Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes, Volume I. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

16.

Blöte, A., Kint, M., Miers, A., & Westenberg, M. (2009). The relation between public speaking anxiety and social anxienty: A review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 305-313.

17.

Bouvard, M., Guerin, J., Roin, A. C., Bouchard, C., Ducottet, E., Sechaud, M., Mollard, E., Grillet, P., & Cottraus, J. (1999). Psychometric study of the social self-esteem inventory of Lawson et al. (1979). European Review of Applied Psychology, 49, 165-172.

18.

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.

19.

Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss, Vol. 3, Loss: Sadness and depression. London: Hogarth Press.

20.

Brennan, K. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1995). Dimensions of adult attachment, affect regulation, and romantic relationship functioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 267-283.

21.

Bretherton, I. (1985). Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1-2), 3-35.

22.

Bretherton, I. (1987). New perspectives on attachment relations: Security, communication, and internal working models. In J. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (pp.1061-1100), New York: Wiley.

23.

Cheek, J. M., & Stahl, S. S. (1986). Shyness and verbal creativity., J. M., & Research in Personality, 20, 51-61.

24.

Davidons, J. R. T., Hughes, D. C., George, L. K., & Blazer, D. G. (1994). The boundary of social phobia: Exploring the threshold. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 975-983.

25.

Dyck, M. J., Jolly, J. B., & Krammer, T. (1994). An evaluation of positive affectivity, negative affectivity, and hyperarousal as markers for assessing between syndrome relationships. Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 637-646.

26.

Eng, E., Heimberg, R. G., Coles, M. E., Schneier, F. R., & Liebowitz, M. R. (2000). An empirical approach to subtype identification in individuals with social phobia. Psychological Medicine, 30, 1345-1357.

27.

Furmark, T., Tillfors, M., Everz, P.O., Marteinsdottir, I., Gefvert, O., & Fredrikson, M. (1999). Social phobia in the general population: prevalence and sociodemographic profile. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 34, 416-424.

28.

Furmaark, T., Tillfors, M., Stattin, H., Ekselius, L., & Fredrikson, M. (2000). Social phobia subtypes in the general population revealed by cluster analysis. Psychological Medicine, 30, 1335-1344.

29.

Ginsburg, G. S., La-Greca, A. M., & Silverman, W. K. (1998). Social anxiety in children with anxiety disorders: relation with social and emotional functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 175-185.

30.

Griffin, D., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Models of the Self and Other: Fundamental Dimensions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 430-445.

31.

Hall, C. A. (1977). Differential relationships of pleasure and distress with depression and anxiety over a past, present, and future time framework. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

32.

Heimberg, R. G., Hope, D. A., Dodge, C. S., & Becker, R. E. (1990). DSM-III-R subtypes of social phobia: comparison of generalized social phobics and public speaking phobics. Journal of Nervous and Mental disease, 178,172-179.

33.

Heimberg, R. G., Holt, C. S., Schneier, F. R., Spitzer, R. L., & Liebowitz, M. R. (1993). The issue of subtypes in the diagnosis of social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 7, 249-269.

34.

Heimberg R. G., Horner J. K., Juster H. R., Safren S. A., Brown E. J., Schneier F. R., Liebowitz M. R. (1999) Psychometric properties of the Liebowitz social anxiety scale. Psychol Med 29(1), 99–212.

35.

Heimberg, R. G., Stein, M. B., Hiripi, E., & Kessler, R. C. (2000). Trends in the prevalence of social phobia in the United States: a synthetic cohort analysis of changes over four decades. European Psychiatry, 15, 29-37.

36.

Izgiç, F., Akyϋz, G., Dog'an, O, & Kug'u, N. (2004). Socail phobia among university students and its relation to self-esteem and body image. Canadian Journal Psychiatry, 49, 630-634.

37.

Kessler, R. C., Stein, M. B., & Berglund, P. (1998). Social phobia subtype in the National Colorability Survey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 613-619.

38.

Kobak, R. R., Sceery, A. (1988). Attachment in late Adolescence: Working Models, Affect Regulation, and Representations of Self and Others. Child Development, 59, 135-146.

39.

Kocovski, N. L., & Endler, N. S. (2000). Social anxiety, self-regulation, and fear of negative evaluation. European Journal of Personality, 14, 347-358.

40.

Leary, M. R., Kowalsky, R. M. (1995a). Social anxiety, New York: Guilford.

41.

Leary, M. R., Kowalsky, R. M. (1995b). The self-presentation model of social phobia. In R.G. Heimber, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Schneier(Eds.) Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.

42.

Liebowitz, M. R. (1987). Social phobia. Modern Problems in Pharmocopsychiatry, 22, 141-173.

43.

Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measure of social phobia and scrutiny and social interaction anxiety, Behavior Research and Therapy, 36, 455-470.

44.

Mertler, C. A., & Vannatta, R. A. (2005). Advanced and multivariate statistical methods:Practical application and interpretation(3rd ed.). Glendale, CA: Pyrczak Publishing.

45.

Michelson, K. D., Kessler, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (1997). Adult attachment in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1092–1106.

46.

Muris, P., Mayer, B., Meesters C. (2000). Self-reported attachment style, anxiety, and depression in children, Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 28(2), 157-162.

47.

Paul, G.L. (1966). Insight versus desensitization in psychotherapy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

48.

Peeters F., Ponds R., Vermeeren M. (1996). Affectivity and self-report of depression and anxiety. Tijdschr Psych 38(3), 240-250.

49.

Perugi, G., Nassini, S., Maremmani, I., Madaro, D., Toni, C, Simonini, E., & Akiskal, H. S. (2001). Putative clinical subtypes of social phobia: a factor-analytical study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 104, 280-188.

50.

Pilkonis, D. A., Feldman, M., Himmelhoch, J., & Cornes, C. (1980). Social anxiety and psychiatric diagnosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 168, 13-18.

51.

Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., & Schimel, J. (2004). Why do people need self-esteem? A theoretical and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin.

52.

Rapee, R. M. (1995). Descriptive psychopathology of social phobia. In Social Phobia. Diagnosis, Assessment and Treatment (ed. R. G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope and F. R. Schneier), pp. 41-46. Guilford Press:New York

53.

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

54.

Safren, S. A., Turk, C. L. & Heimberg, R. G. (1998). Factor structure of the social interaction anxiety scale and the social phobia scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 443-453.

55.

Safren, S. A., Heimberg, R. G., Horner, K. J., Juster, H. R., Schneier, F. R., & Liebowitz, M. R. (1999). Factor structure of social fears: the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 253-270.

56.

Schneier, F. R., Heckelman, L. R., Garfinkel, R., & Campeas, R. (1994). Functional impairment in social phobia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55, 322-331.

57.

Schneier, F. R., Jonson, J., Hornig, C. D., Liebowitz, M. R., & Weisman, M. M. (1992). Social phobia: Comorbidity and morbidity in epidemiological sample. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 282-288.

58.

Schneier, F. R., Liebowitz, M. R., Beidel, D. C., Garfinkel, R., Heimberg, R. G., Juster, H., Mannuzza, S., Oberlander, B. E., Turner, S. M., Law, K., Mattia, J., & Orsillo, S. (1998). MacArthur Data Reanalysis for DSM-IV: Social Phobia. In Widiger T. A., Frances, A. H., Pincus, H. A., First, M. J., Ross, R., & Davis W. (Ed.), DSM-IV Source book, Volume 4(pp. 307-328). American Psychiatric Press: Washington, D. C.

59.

Sroufe, L. A. (1996). Emotional Development.. New York: Cambridge University Press.

60.

Stein, M. B., Torgrud, L. J., Walker, J. R. (2000) Social phobia symptoms, subtypes, and severity: Findings from a community survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 1046-1052.

61.

Strahan, E. Y. (2003). The effects of social anxiety and social skills on academic performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 347-366.

62.

Task Force on DSM-IV, American Psychiatric Association (1991). DSM-IV Options Book:Work in Progress 9/1/91. APA: Washington, DC.

63.

Tellegen, A. (1985). Structures of moddn and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report. In A. H. Tuma & J. D. Master (Eds.). Anxiety and the anxiety disorders(pp. 681-706). Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum.

64.

Turner, S. M, Beidel, D. C, & Townsley, R. M. (1992). Social phobia: A comparison of specific and generalized subtypes and avoidant personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 326-331.

65.

Vittengl J. R., Holt, C. S. (1998). Positive and negative affect in social interactions as a funcion of partner familiarity, quality of communication, and social anxiety. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 17(2). 196-208.

66.

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.

67.

Wenzel, A., Jackson, L. C., Holt, C. S. (2002) Social phobia and the recall of autobiographical memories. Depression and Anxiety, 15(4), 186-189.

68.

World Health Organization. (1992). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. rev10. Geneva: World Health Organization.

The Korean Journal of Health Psychology