Since the introductionof modern therapies, more children with cancer have survived their illness. As a result, an interest in the degree of adjustment achieved by cancer survivors has increased. In this study, quality of life and behavior problemsof child and adolescent cancer survivors were compared with those of healthy controls. Also, the patternsof the discrepancy between parent-report and self-report were compared. Childhood cancer survivors aged 8-18 and their mothers were participated in the study. Parent and self report versions of PedQL were administered to assess the quality of life. K-CBCL and K-YSR were further completed to assess internalizing and externalizing behavior problem. Results suggested that cancer survivors generally showed lower quality of life in physical and social domains and more internalizing behavior problem than healthy control group. However, the results were affected by the domain, age group, and informant. The pattern of discrepancy between parent and self report was similar. All parents reported higher levelsof quality of life and lower levels of behavior problems compared to the self reports of their siblings. In assessing internalizing problem behaviors, cancer survivor group showed greater discrepancy than the healthy control group.The implications, limitations, and directions for future research were also discussed.
보건 복지 가족부 (2009). 2006-2007년 암발생률,1993-2007년 암발생자의 암생존율, 2007년 암유병률 통계. 보건 복지 가족부.
안효섭 (2007). 소아과학 (제9판). 서울: 대한교과서주식회사.
오경자, 이혜련, 홍강의, 하은혜 (1997). 아동, 청소년 행동평가 척도 (K-CBCL). 서울: 중앙적성연구소.
오경자, 이혜련, 홍강의, 하은혜 (1997). K-YSR 청소년 자기행동 평가척도. 서울: 중앙적성연구소.
통계청(2009). 2009년 사망원인 통계 결과. 통계청.
Achenbach, T. M. (1991a). Manual for Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach, T. M. (1991b). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2), 213-232.
Anderson, V., Smibert, E., Ekert, H., & Godber, T. (1994). Intellectual, educational and behavioral sequelae after cranial irradiation and chemotherapy. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 70, 476-483.
Bauld, C., Anderson, B., Arnold, J. (1998). Psychosocial aspects of adolescent cancer survival. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 34, 120-126.
Berg-Nielsen, T. S., Vika, A., & Dahl, A. A. (2003). When adolescents disagree with their mothers: CBCL-YSR discrepancies related to maternal depression and adolescent self-esteem. Child: Care, Health, & Development, 29, 207-213.
Bessell, A. G. (2001). Children surviving cancer: Psychosocial adjustment, quality of life, and school experiences. The Council for Exceptional Children, 67, 345-359.
Canning, E. H. (1994). Mental disorders in chronically ill children: Case identification and parent-child discrepancy. Psychosomatic Medicine, 56, 104-108.
Carlson-Green, B., Morris, R., Krawiecki, N. (1995). Family and illness predictors of outcome in pediatric brain tumors. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 20, 769-784.
Carlston, D. L. & Ogles, B. M. (2009). Age, gender, and ethnicity effects on parent-child discrepancy using identical item measures. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18, 125-135.
Costello, R. J., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1985). Detection of psychiatric disorders in pediatric primary care: A preliminary report. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 771-774.
Chang, P. & Yeh, C. (2005). Agreement between child self-report and parent proxy-report to evaluate quality of life in children with cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 14, 125-134.
Chung, Bang, Kim.. (2010). Cross-cultural differences in parental reporting styles: A comparison of reported parenting stress and youth internalizing and externalizing problems between Korea and the US. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Dejong, M. & Fombonne, E. (2006). Depression in paediatric cancer: an overview. Psycho-Oncology, 15, 553-566.
De Los Reyes, A. & Kazdin, A. E. (2005). Informant discrepancies in the assessment of childhood psychopathology: A critical review, theoretical framework, and recommendations for further study. Psychological Bulletin, 131(4), 483-509.
Duhig, A. M., Renk, K., Epstein, M. K., & Phares, V. (2000). Inrerparental agreement on internalizing, externalizing, and total behavior problems: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7, 435-453.
Eiser, C. Hill, J. J., & Vance, Y. H. (2000). Examining the psychological consequences of surviving childhood cancer: Systematic review as a research method in pediatric psychology. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 25, 449-461.
Eiser, C., Hill, J. J., & Blacklay, A. (2000). Surviving cancer; what does it mean for you? An evaluation of a clinic based intervention for survivors of childhood cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 9, 214-220.
Eiser, C. Cool, P. Grimer, R., Carter, S., Cotter, I., Ellis, A., et al. (1997). Quality of life in skeletally immature children following treatment for a malignant primary bone tumor around the knee. Sarcoma, 1, 39-45.
Eiser, C., & Morse, R. (2001). Can parents rate their child’s health-related quality of life? Results of a systematic review. Quality of Life Reserch, 10, 347-357.
Eiser, C., Vance, Y. H., Home, B., Glaser, A., & Galvin, H. (2003). The value of the PedsQL TM in assessing quality of life in survivors of childhood cancer. Child: Care, Health and Development, 29, 95-102.
Edelbrock, C., Costello, A. J., Dulcan, M. K., Kalas, R., & Conover, N. C. (1985). Age differences in the reliability of the psychiatric interview of the child. Child Development, 56, 265-275.
Garber, J., Van Slyke, D. A., & Walker, L S. (1998). Concordance between mothers’ and children’s report of somatic and emotional symptoms in patients with recurrent abdominal pain or emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 381-391.
Grills, A. E. & Ollendick, T. H. (2002). Issues in parent-child agreement: The case of structured diagnostic interviews. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5(1), 57-83.
Hawkins, M. M., & Stevens, N. C. G. (1996). The long term survivors. British Medical Bulletin, 52, 898-923.
Janson, A. J., Uiterwaal, C. S. P. M., Gemke, R. J. B. J., Kimpern, J. L. L., & Sinnema, G. (2005). A difference in perception of quality of life in chronically ill children was found between parents and pediatricians. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 58, 495-502.
Kazak, A. E., Christakis, D., Alderfer, M., & Choiro, M. J. (1994). Young adolescent cancer survivors and their parents: Adjustment, learning problems, and gender. Journal of Family Psychology, 8, 74-84.
Kazak, A. E. & Baraskat, L. P. (1997). Brief report: parenting stress and quality of life during treatment for childhood leukemia predicts child and parent adjustment after treatment ends. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22, 249-758.
Kazak, A. E., Barakat, L. P. Meeske, K., & Christakis, D., Meadows, A. T., Penati, B., & Stuber, M. L. (1997). Posttraumatic stress, family functioning, and social support in survivors of childhood leukemiaand their mothers and fathers. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 65, 120-129.
Kazdin, A. E., French, N. H., & Unis, A. S. (1983). Child, mother, and father evaluations of depression in psychiatric inpatient children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11, 167-179.
Kook, S. H. & Varni, J. W. (2008) Validation of the Korean version of the pediatric quality of life inventory™ 4.0 (PedsQL™) generic core scales in school children and adolescents using the rasch model. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 6: 41
Kraemer, H. C., Measelle, J. R., Ablow, J. C., Esser, M. J., Boyce, T., & Kupfer, D. J. (2003). A new approach to integrating data from multiple informants in psychiatric assessment and research: Mixing and matching contexts and perspectives. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1566-1577.
Levi, R. B. & Drotar, D. (1999). Health-related quality of life in childhood cancer: Discrepancy in parent-child report. International Journal of Cancer: Supplement, 12, 58-64.
Mulhern, R. K., Wasserman, A. L., Friedman, A. G., & Fairclough, D. (1989). Social competence and behavioral adjustment of children who are long-term survivors of cancer. Pediatrics, 83, 18-25.
Offord, D. R., Boyce, M. H., Yacine, Y., Szatmari, P., Fleming, J.E., Sanford, M., & Lipman, E. L. (1996). Integrating assessment data from multiple informants. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1078-1085.
Panepinto, J. A., Mahar, K. M., DeBaun, M. R., Loberiza, F. R., & Scott, J. P. (2005). Health-related quality of life in children with sickle cell disease: child and parent perception. British Journal of Haematology, 130, 437-444.
Park, E. S., Oh, W. O., Suk, M. H., Yoon, Y. M. (2009). From their own response: Rxperiences of Korean children with chronic illness and their family. Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing, 15, 350-358.
Patenaude, A. F. & Kupst, M. J. (2005). Psychosocial functioning in pediatric cancer. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 30, 9-27.
Phipps, S. & Srivastava, D. K. (1997). Repressive adaptation in children with cancer. Health Psychology, 16, 521-528.
Radcliffe, J., Bennett, D., Kazak, A. E., Foley, B., & Phillips, P. C. (1996). Adjustment in childhood brain tumor survival: Child, mother, and teacher report. Journal of pediatric psychology, 21, 529-539.
Russell, K. M. W., Hudson, M., Long, A., & Phipps, S. (2005). Assessment of health-related quality of life in children with cancer. Cancer, 106, 2267-2274.
Sawyer, M .G., Baghurst, P, Mathias J. (1992). Differences between informants’report describing emotional and bejavioral problems in community and clinic-refferred chidren: a research note. Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 441-449.
Stam, H. & Grootenhuis, M. A. (2001). Social and emotional adjustment in young survivors of childhood cancer. Support Care Cancer, 9, 489-513.
Stawski, M., Auerbach, J. G., Barasch, M., Letner, Y., Zimin, R., & Miller, M. (1995). Behavioral problems of adolescents with chronic physical illness: A comparison of parent-report and self-report measures. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 4, 14-20.
Sourander, A., Helstela, L., & Helenius, H. (1999). Parent-adeolescent agreement on emotional and behavioral problems. Society of Psyciatry and Psychiatric Epidemilogy, 34, 657-663.
Stern, M., Norman, S. L., & Zevon, M. A. (1993). Adolescents with Cancer. Journal of Adolescent Research, 8, 124-142.
Theunissen, N. C., Vogels, T., Koopman, H. M. (1998). The proxy problem: Child report versus parent report in health-related quality of life research. Quality of Life Research, 7, 387-397.
Treutler, C. M. & Epkins, C. C. (2003). Are discrepancies among child, mother, and father reports on children’s behavior related parents’ psychologicalsymptoms and aspects of parent-child relationship? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 13-27.
Van der Ende, J. & Verhulst, F. C. (2005). Infomant, gender and age differences in ratings of adolescent problem behavior. Europian Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 14, 117-126.
Van Dongen-Melman, J. E. W. M. (2000). Developing psychosocial aftercare for children surviving cancer and their family. Acta Oncologica, 39, 23-31.
Varni, J. W. (2001). PedQL™ 4.0: Reliability and validity of the pediatric quality of life inventory™ version 4.0 Generic Core Scales in Healthy and Patient Populations. Medical Care, 39, 800-812.
Varni, J. W., Limbers, C. A., Burwinkle, T. M. (2007). How young can children reliably and validily self-report their health-related quality of life?: An analysis of 8,591 children across age subgroups with the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5, 1-13.
Verhulst, F. C. & Van der Ende, J. (1992). Agreement between parents’ reports and adolescents’ self-report of problem behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 1011- 1023.
Zebrack, B. J. & Chesler, M. (2001). Health-related worries, self-image, and life outlooks of long-term survivors of childhood cancer. Health and Social Work, 26, 245-256.