사후가정사고와 사고통제방략이 외상 후 성장에 미치는 영향
The Influence of Counterfactual Thinking and Thought Control Strategies on Posttraumatic Growth
박기환 (가톨릭대학교)
초록
본 연구는 사후가정사고와 사고통제방략이 외상 후 성장에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 선행 연구에 따르면, 사후가정사고는 방향과 기능에 따라 각각 상향식과 하향식으로 분류되며, 그 중 상향식 사후가정사고는 미래준비기능을, 하향식 사후가정사고는 정서적 기능을 수행하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이에 본 연구는 사후가정사고를 상향식과 하향식으로 분류하여 각 사후가정사고가 사고통제방략과 함께 외상 후 성장을 예언하는 변인인지 확인해보고, 변인들 간의 상호작용 효과가 존재하는지 알아보기 위해 외상 사건을 경험한 대학생 이상 일반 성인 438명(남자 138명, 여자 300명)을 대상으로 설문 조사를 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 사고통제방략은 외상 후 성장을 유의하게 예언하였으나 상향식 사후가정사고는 외상 후 성장을 예언하지 못하였으며, 두 변인 간의 상호작용 효과는 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 하향식 사후가정사고와 사고통제방략은 모두 외상 후 성장을 유의하게 예언하였으며 상호작용 효과는 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구결과는 외상 사건과 같이 드물게 일어나고 극심한 심적 고통을 동반하는 경우에는, 상향식 사후가정사고의 미래준비기능은 제대로 발휘되기 어려우나, 불쾌한 정서를 완화시키기 위해 긍정적인 방향으로 사건의 원인과 의미에 대해 고려해보는 하향식 사후가정사고의 정서적 기능은 외상 후 성장에 도움이 됨을 시사한다.
- keywords
- posttraumatic growth, upward counterfactuals, downward counterfactuals, thought control strategies, 외상 후 성장, 상향식 사후가정사고, 하향식 사후가정사고, 사고통제방략, posttraumatic growth, upward counterfactuals, downward counterfactuals, thought control strategies
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of counterfactual thinking and thought control strategies on posttraumatic growth. According to previous research, counterfactual thoughts could be categorized into upward versus downward with respect to the direction and functions. Upward counterfactuals serve preparative functions, and Downward counterfactuals serve affective functions. Based on this viewpoint, counterfactual thoughts were divided into two types(upward versus downward) in this study. We examined whether counterfactual thoughts and thought control strategies could predict posttraumatic growth, and whether there were interaction effects between counterfactual thoughts and thought control strategies on posttraumatic growth. For this purpose, the questionnaire including Traumatic Experience Schedule, Counterfactual Thinking for Negative Events Scale(CTNES), Posttraumatic Growth Inventory(PTGI), Thought Control Questionnaire(TCQ) and Social Desirability Scale(SDS) were completed by 438 adults(138 men and 300 women) who had experienced traumatic events before. The results were as follows. First, thought control strategies predicted posttraumatic growth significantly, but upward counterfactuals did not. And, there were no interaction effects between upward counterfactuals and thought control strategies on posttraumatic growth. Second, thought control strategies and downward counterfactuals predicted posttraumatic growth significantly, and there were no interaction effects between the two. In this light, this study suggests that preparative functions of upward counterfactuals can not demonstrate in traumatic events which happen very rarely and arouse severe psychological distress. However affective functions of downward counterfactuals can help posttraumatic growth by considering reason and meaning of the traumatic event in a positive direction to decrease negative emotions.
- keywords
- posttraumatic growth, upward counterfactuals, downward counterfactuals, thought control strategies, 외상 후 성장, 상향식 사후가정사고, 하향식 사후가정사고, 사고통제방략, posttraumatic growth, upward counterfactuals, downward counterfactuals, thought control strategies
참고문헌
권영은 (2009). 성행동에서의 응종이 주관적 삶의 질과 사건 영향에 미치는 효과: 특성-메타 기분 및 사후가정사고의 중재효과를 중심으로. 고려대학교 대학원 석사학위 청구논문.
김보라 (2010). 자아탄력성이 외상 후 성장에 미치는 영향: 삶의 의미의 매개효과. 아주대학교 대학원석사학위 청구논문.
송승훈 (2009). 한국판 외상 후 성장 척도의 타당도 및 신뢰도 연구. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 14(1),193-21.
신선영 (2009). 삶의 의미와 사회적 지지가 외상 후 성장에 미치는 영향: 성장적 반추를 매개변인으로. 가톨릭대학교 대학원 석사학위 청구논문.
이양자, 정남운 (2008). 외상 후 성장에 대한 연구 개관: 적응과의 관계 및 치료적 적용을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 13(1), 1-23.
이주일 (1988). 이분척도와 Likert 형 7점척도의 신뢰도, 타당도, 반응양식의 비교 : 자기 검색척도와 자기의식 척도를 대상으로. 서울대학교 대학원석사학위 청구논문.
이훈진 (2009). 수용이 심리적 증상, 자존감 및 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향. 인지행동치료, 9(1), 1-23.
정인명 (2009). 의도적 반추와 낙관성이 외상 후 성장에 미치는 영향. 계명대학교 대학원 석사학위 청구논문.
최승미 (2008). 외상 후 성장 관련 변인의 탐색. 고려대학교 대학원 박사학위 청구논문.
허태균 (2001). 사후가정사고의 활성화에서 조절적 동기의 역할. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 15(2), 159-171.
허태균 (2002). 사후가정사고의 심리적 기능과 응용적가치. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 8(2), 171-190.
Abramowitz, J. S., Whiteside, S., Kalsy, S. A., Tolin, D. F. (2003). Thought control strategies in OCD: A replication and extension. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 529-540.
Amir, N., Cashman, L., Foa, E. B. (1997). Strategies of thought control in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 775-777.
Boninger, D. S., Gleicher, F., & Strathman, A. (1994). Counterfactual thinking. What might have been to what may be. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 297-307.
Breslau, N., Davis, G. C., & Andreski, P. (1995). Risk factors for PTSD related traumatic events: prospective analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 23, 529-535.
Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (1999). Facilitating posttraumatic growth. A clinician's guide. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2004). The foundations of posttraumatic growth: new considerations. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 93-102.
Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of consulting and Clinical Psychology, 24, 349-454.
Dunmore, E., Clark, D. M., & Ehler, A. (1999). Cognitive factors involved in onset and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) after physical or sexual assault. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 809-829.
Ehler, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319-345.
Frazier, P., Conlon, A., & Glaser, T. (2001). Positive and negative life changes following sexual assault. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 1048-1055.
Gleicher, F., Boninger, D., Strathman, A., Armor, D., Hett, J., & Ahn, M. (1995). With an eye toward the future: The impact of Counterfactual thinking on affect, attitudes, and behavior. In N. J. Roese, & J. M. Olson (Eds), What might have been: The social psychology of counterfactual thinking(pp. 283-304). Mahwah, NJ: Erhaum.
Helgeson, V. S., Reynolds, K. A., & Tomich, P. L. (2006). A meta-analytic. review of benefit finding and growth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 74, 797-816.
Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52, 1280-1300.
Hirt, F. R., Kardes, F. R., & Markman, K. D. (2004). Activating a mental simulation mind-set through generation of alternatives: Implications for debiasing in related and unrelated domains. Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology, 40, 374-383.
Kahneman, D., & Miller, D. T. (1986). Norm theory: comparing reality to its alternatives. Psychological Review, 93, 136-153.
Karl, H. T., & Tine, K. J. (2010). Unlucky Victims or Lucky Survivors?: Spontaneous Counterfactual Thinking by Families Exposed to the Tsunami Disaster. European Psychologist, 16, 48-57.
Lyubormirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1993). Self-perpetuating properties of dysphoric rumination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 339-349.
Maercker, A., & Zoellner, T. (2004). The Janus face of self-perceived growth: Toward twocomponent model of posttraumatic growth. Psychology Inquiry, 15, 41-48.
Mark, S. R., Melissa, B. C., Rahan, S. A., & Tarika, D. (2008). Development and validation of counterfactual thinking for negative event scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 261-269.
Markman, K. D., Gavanski, I., Sherman, S. J., & MaMullan, M. N. (1993). The mental simulation of better and worse possible worlds. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 87-109.
McMillan, J. C., & Fisher, R. H. (1998). The perceived benefit scale: Measuring perceived positive life changes after negative events. Social Work Research, 22, 173-187.
McMullan, M. N. (1997). Affective contrast and assimilation in counterfactual thinking. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 77-100.
Medvec, V. H., & Savitsky, K. (1997). When doing better means feeling worse: The effects of categorical cutoff points on counterfactual thinking and satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1284-1296.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Davis, C. G. (2004). Theoretical and methological issue in the assesment and interpretation of posttraumatic growth. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 60-64.
Norris, F. H. (1992). Screening for trauma: Frequency and impact of different potentially traumatic events on different demographic groups. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 409-418.
Rachel, S., & Neal, J. R. (2009). Counterfactual thinking facilitates behavioral intentions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 845-852.
Reynolds, M., & Wells, A. (1999). The thought control questionnaire-psychometric properties in a clinical sample and relationship with PTSD and depression. Psychological Medicine, 29, 1089-1099.
Roese, N. J. (1994). The functional basis of counterfactual thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 805-818.
Roese, N. J., & Olson, J. M. (1993). The structure of counterfactual thought. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 312-319.
Roese, N. J., & Olson, J. M. (1997). Counterfactual thinking: The intersection of affect and function. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimented social psychology (Vol. 29, pp 1-59). San Diego, CA; Academic Press.
Sharif, E. L., Gary, P. B., & Ian, R. (2006). Counterfactual thinking and posttraumatic stress reaction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(1), 629-635.
Tedeschi, R. G. & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455-472.
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 1-18.
Valentiner, D. P., Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., & Gershuny, B. S. (1996). Coping strategies and posttraumatic stress disorder in female victims of sexual and nonsexual assault. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 455-458.
Wells, A., & Davies, M. L. (1994). The thought control questionnaire: A measure of individual differences in the control of un wanted thoughts. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 871-878.
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
- 0KCI 피인용수
- 0WOS 피인용수