Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology

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Friendship is one of the basic interpersonal relationships. Until these days, however, this concept has not received enough attention. In this literature review, the definition, nature and basic components of friendship have been discussed. And the difference between friendship and romantic love, and the mechanism of friendship formation, -i.e., social peneteration, self-disclosure, and the gain-loss theory of self-esteem are explained. In addition to the general nature and process of friendship, the difference among different life stages of change of the relationship over the life-spain is reviewed. Especially, in childhood send aging, the need of friendship is increasing. Finally, the importance of confidents and social network in late adulthood and aging is emphasized.

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Previous research indicated that the more intra-attitude variation of judges, the less regressed its judgments of other's belief statements. The intra-attitude variation was determined by individual's expected values to the beliefs obtained from attitude object. Then this study assumed that the more judge's expected value of other's belief statement, the less regressed the judgment of that statement. To test this assumption, subjects were asked to rate other's belief statements consisted of personality traits of attitude abject "Japanese". Twenty-four belief statements were classified into three levels of its expected values to the attitude object. Sixty-six subjects were equally divided into two conditions-Japanese rating condition and general others rating condition. The former was required to judge each of stimulus person characterized by belief statements under the context of Japanese, and the latter under the context of general others. The results were as follows: First, under the Japanese rating condition, the regression of judgments was appeared with judge's attitude as an anchor, but not under the general others rating condition. Second, the more increased the inconsistency between other's belief statement and judge's attitude, the more regressed its judgment of that belief statement. Third, the more associative strength of belief statement with attitude object, the less regressed its judgment of that belief statement. These results were discussed as supporting the assumption of this study.

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A slope difference model of negativity effects in evaluation was presented. The model was tested in the context of completion of missing relations in the P-O-Q triadic situations. In general, the hypotheses that the negative P/O relation arid attitude and sign dissimilarities will show greater slope than the positive P/O relation and attitude and sign similarities were supported. It was suggested that the effect or slope of negative relations or traits will show positively accelerated curves, while the effect or slope of positive relations or traits will show linear function. It was also suggested that people will show greater attention to the degrees of positivity than to the degrees of negativity. The data showed that the forces toward balance of positive P/O relation and attitude and sign similarities were greater than those of negative P/O relation and attitude and sign dissimilarities in triadic situations.

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The author (Cho, 1982b) formulated the differential model of impression formation as a function of the impression-dimension. In this model, it was presumed that intellectual traits rnay be more salient information for judgment of the favorableness (good-bad) impression-dimension, on the other hand, affective traits may be more salient information for judgment of the likableness (like-dislike) impression-dimension. Recently, researchers of the area of person memory found that recall for confirming events were more superior to that for non-confirming events. They concluded from these results that impression of the other person may be organized according to the schema of the perceiver at that situation (schematic impression formation). Viewing from this ;point, it can be easily expected that in case of the favorableness impression judgment, recall for intellectual traits will be more superior to that for affective traits, on the other hand, in the likableness impression judgment, recall for affective traits will be more superior to that for intellectual traits. This study was designed to test this hypothesis. Twenty traits (10 intellectual traits and 10 affective traits) were selected to construct one stimulus person. These traits were presented to subjects one by one per 2 seconds for each trait. Prior to presention of the traits, the subjects were given one of 3 types of the written instruction, which directed to form the good-bad impression (favorableness-dimension group), or the like-dislike impression (likableness-dimension group), or to think of a person entered his (or her) mind (control group). Each group consisted of 15 college students. After being presented with 20 traits, subjects judged the impression of that stimulus person according to their instructed dimension, and then worked the distracting tasks for 5 minutes. Next to this procedure, they instructed to recall as many as possible the traits they had seen. The results of this study were consistent with the above hypothesis. From this results, it was concluded that intellectual traits are cue information for the favorableness impression, on the other hand, affective traits are cue information for the likableness impression.

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In this study, reviewing some literatures on distributive and procedural justice in social psychology, it was examined the following three hypothesis by a simulation experiment. First, when the coworker's needs are recognized, the person's dissatisfaction with disadvantageous inequity (under reward) will be less than when the needs are not recognized. Secondly, in familiar relationship with coworker, both dissatisfaction with disadvantageous and advantageous inequity will be less than in unfamiliar relationship. Lastly, when the rewards are allocated by him/her-self, both dissatisfaction with disadvantageous and advantageous inequity will be less than when rewards are allocated by another person. Independent variables were coworker's need (non-need, need), familiarity (Familiar, unfamiliar), distribution type (under, equitable, over reward) and allocator (self, another person). All the independent variables were manipulated in hypothetical dyadic cowork situation where the rewards are divided equally by including informations of the coworker's need, familiarity with coworker, the amounts of each other's work, and the allocator. The experimental design was coworker's need (2) × distribution type (3) × familiarity (2) × allocator (2) factorial design with repeated last two factors. Supporting all the hypothesis, the results showed 2 way interactions of distribution type with coworker's need, familiarity, and allocator respectably as predicted. And somewhat complex interaction (4 way interaction) effect was also significant. The implication of the results were discussed in the context of limits of equity theory and some further research problems were suggested.

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This study is an attempt to fill in the empirical gap in the social influence literature, by identifying the major factors involved in the social influence process, and by examining how interconnections between these factors produce changes in a person's motivation to comply. Based on existing literature and the pilot studies, the major factors to be considered in the social invluence process were identified as (1) the type of normative referent, (2) the source of the referent's power, and (3) the level of compliance. All three major factors were found to have significant effects on the subject's motivation to comply. Moreover, the interrelationships between these factors showed how a referent's social power systematically influences the subject's motivation to comply through some intervening factors. The significance of this approach in documenting empirical results and establishing theoretical networks in studying the multidimensional nature of the social influence process is discussed.