바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

ACOMS+ 및 학술지 리포지터리 설명회

  • 한국과학기술정보연구원(KISTI) 서울분원 대회의실(별관 3층)
  • 2024년 07월 03일(수) 13:30
 

logo

  • P-ISSN1229-0653
  • KCI

고정관념의 위협과 인지적 과제의 수행

Stereotype Threat and Cognitive Task Performance

한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격 / Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, (P)1229-0653;
2008, v.22 no.3, pp.15-32
https://doi.org/10.21193/kjspp.2008.22.3.002
신홍임

초록

중요한 사회적 성취상황에서 자신에게 불리한 고정관념의 활성화는 인지적 과제수행에 어떤 영향을 미치는가? Steele와 Aronson(1995)은 ‘흑인의 지능은 백인보다 열등하다’는 고정관념을 검사상황에서 활성화시켰을 때 흑인 대학생들의 과제수행결과가 현저하게 나빠짐을 관찰하였다. ‘고정관념의 위협(stereotype threat)’으로 지칭된 이 현상은 최근 많은 관련 사례들이 보고되고 있으며, 고정관념의 영향으로 인한 인지적 과제 수행도의 저하는 결과적으로 개인의 중요한 성취영역에 대한 비참여 및 비동일시를 이끄는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 본 논문에서는 지금까지의 연구결과들을 바탕으로 고정관념의 위협에 영향을 끼치는 상황적 요인과 개인적 요인 및 이들이 인지적 과제의 수행을 방해하는 경로를 개관하고자 한다. 고정관념의 위협에 대한 연구는 이 효과를 매개하는 정서적, 인지적 경로의 세분화된 탐색을 통해 고정관념 위협의 다양한 유형을 이해하게 하며, 이를 통해 고정관념의 장기적 폐해를 줄일 수 있는 대처방안을 모색하는데 기여할 것이다.

keywords
고정관념의 위협, 과제수행도, 상황적 요인, 개인적 요인, 비참여, 비동일시, 고정관념 위협의 유형, Stereotype threat, Task performance, Situational factor, Individual difference factor, Disengagement, Disidentification, Patterns of stereotype threat

Abstract

What happens to individuals in a social performance situation when a negative group identity is activated? Steele and Aronson(1995) reported that African Americans performed much worse in intellectual tasks than their white peers when negative stereotypes were made salient. For this phenomenon called ‘stereotype threat', a number of research have been recently demonstrated. This underperformance phenomenon seems to result in disengagement and disidentification with a domain, where stereotype threats exist. Therefore in this article, individual and situational factors which account for this disruptive effect should be explored. Research on various mediators of stereotype threat effect will help us to explore the nature of stereotype threat and to distinguish among different stereotype threats. Understanding the underlying process will lead to develop effective coping strategies for these threats.

keywords
고정관념의 위협, 과제수행도, 상황적 요인, 개인적 요인, 비참여, 비동일시, 고정관념 위협의 유형, Stereotype threat, Task performance, Situational factor, Individual difference factor, Disengagement, Disidentification, Patterns of stereotype threat

참고문헌

1.

Ambady, N., (2004) Deflecting negative self- relevant stereotype activation:The effects of indi- viduation, Journal of Experimental Social Psychol- ogy

2.

Aronson, J., (2004) The ups and downs of attributional ambiguity:Stereotype vulnerability and the academic self-knowledge of African Ameri- can college students, Psychological Science

3.

Aronson, J., (1999) When white men can't do math:Necessary and sufficient factors in stereotype threat, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

4.

Ashcraft, M. H., (2001) The relationships among working memory, math anxiety, and per- formance, Journal of Experimental Psychology:General

5.

Beilock, S. L., (2006) On the causal mech- anisms of stereotype threat:Can skills that don’t rely heavily on working memory still be threatened, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

6.

Beilock, S. L., (2007) Stereotype threat and working memory:Mechanisms, alleviations, and spillover, Journal of Experimental Psychology:General

7.

Blanton, H., (2002) Social identity versus reference frame comparisons:The moderating role of stereotype endorsement, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

8.

Blascovich, J., (2001) African Americans and high blood pres- sure:the role of stereotype threat, Psychological Science

9.

Bosson, J.K., (2004) When saying and doing diverge, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

10.

Brown, R.P., (1999) A burden of proof:Stereotype relevance and gender differences in math performance, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

11.

Croizet, J.C., (1998) Extending the concept of stereotype threat to social class:The intellectual underperformance of students from low socioeco- nomic backgrounds, Personality and Social Psy- chology Bulletin

12.

Davies, P. G., (2002) Consuming images:How television commercials that elicit stereotype threat can restrain women academically and professionally, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

13.

Ellemers, N., (1993) Effects of the legitimacy of low group or individual status on individual and collective status-enhancement strategies, Journal of Personality and Social Psy- chology

14.

Gonzales, P.M., (2002) The effects of stereotype threat and double-minority status on the test performance of Latino women, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

15.

Herrnstein, R.J., (1994) The bell curve:Intelligence and class structure in American life, Free Press

16.

Inzlicht, M., (2000) A threatening intel- lectual environment:why women are susceptible to experience problem-solving deficits in the pres- ence of men, Psychological Science

17.

Klein, K., (2001) The relationship of life event stress and working memory capacity, Applied Cognitive Psychology

18.

Learner, M., (1980) The belief in a just world:A fun- damental delusion, Plenum Press

19.

Levy, B., (1996) Improving memory in old age through implicit self-stereotyping, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

20.

Major, B., (2002) Perceiving personal discrimination:The role of group status and legitimizing ideology, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

21.

Marx, D. M., (2005) Clearing the air:The effect of experimenter race on target's test performance and subjective experience., British Journal of Social Psychology

22.

Marx, D. M., (2005) We can do it:The interplay of construal orientation and social comparison under threat. , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

23.

Marx, D. M., (2006a) It's all in the timing:Measuring emotional reactions to stereotype threat before and after taking a test., European Journal of Social Psychology

24.

Marx, D. M., (2006b) Distinguishing stereotype threat from priming effects:On the role of the social self and threat-based concerns., Jour- nal of Personality and Social Psychology

25.

Miller, C. T., (2001) A theoretical per- spective on coping with stigma., Journal of Social Issues

26.

Nosek, B. A., (2002) Math=male, me=female, therefore math≠me., Jour- nal of Personality and Social Psychology

27.

Osborne, J. W., (1997) Race and academic disiden- tification, Journal of Educational Psychology

28.

Osborne, J. W., (2001) Testing stereotype threat:Does anxiety explain race and sex differences in achieve- ment?, Contemporary Educational Psychology

29.

Osborne, J. W., (2007) Linking stereotype threat and anxiety., Educational Psychology

30.

Paulhus, D. L., (1991) Measurement and control of response bias. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman(Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes., Academic Press.

31.

Quinn, D. M., (2001) The interference of stereotype threat with women's generation of mathematical problem-solving strategies., Journal of social issues

32.

Rosen, V. M., (2002) Working memory capacity and suppression., Journal of Memory and Language

33.

Rosenberg, M., (1965) Society and the adolescent self- image., Princeton University Press.

34.

Shapiro, J. R., (2007) From stereotype threat to stereotype threats:Implications of a multi- threat framework for causes, moderators, mediators, consequences, and interventions., Personality and Social Psychology Review

35.

Schmader, T., (2002) Gender identification moderates the effects of stereotype threat on women's math performance., Journal of Experimental Social Psy- chology

36.

Schmader, T., (2003) Converging evidence that stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity., Journal of Personality and Social Psy- chology

37.

Schmader, T., (2003) The costs of accepting gender differences:The role of stereotype endorsement in women's experience in the math domain., Sex Roles

38.

Schmader, T., (2001) Coping with ethnic stereotypes in the academic domain:Perceived injustice and psychological disengagement., Journal of social issues

39.

Shih, M., (1999) Stereotype susceptibility:Identity salience and shifts in quantitative performance., Psychological Science

40.

Spencer, S. J., (1999) Stereotype threat and women's math performance., Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

41.

Steele, C. M., (1995) Stereotype threat and intellectual test performance of African Americans., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

42.

Steele, C. M., (1997) A threat in the air:How stereotypes shape the intellectual identities and performance., American Psychologist

43.

Steele,C.M., (2002) Contending with group image:The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat.In M.P.Zanna(Ed.),Advances in experimental social psy-chology, CA:Academic Press.

44.

Stone, J., (2008) Evidence that blatant versus subtle stereotype threat cues impact perfor- mance through dual processes., Journal of Experi- mental Social Psychology

45.

Stricker, L. J., (2004) Stereotype threat, inquiring about test takers' ethnicity and gender, and standardized test performance., Journal of Applied Social Psychology

46.

Tajfel, H., (1986) The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin(Eds.), The psychology of intergroup relations, Nelson-Hall.

47.

Turner, M. L., (1989) Is working memory capacity task dependent?, Journal of Memory and Language

48.

von Hippel, W., (2005) Coping with stereotype threat:Denial as an impres- sion management strategy., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

49.

Wheeler, S. C., (2001) Think unto others:The self-destructive impact of negative racial stereotypes. , Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격