Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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ISSN : 1229-0653
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Vol.22 No.3
Abstract
The present study examines how optimism effects the level of satisfaction in a romantic relationship by importing an positive evaluation about the partner as a mediator, and confirming the results through the APIM (Actor-Partner Interdependence Model). The outcome of this study can be boiled down into two major points：First, by verifying how optimism effects the level of satisfaction in a relationship, it was proven that optimism has an effect on actor effect and partner effect. Second, when a positive evaluation about the partner was employed as a mediator, the final model showed that males generally demonstrated actor effect and partner effect, whereas females only demonstrated a progress of actor effect.
Abstract
What happens to individuals in a social performance situation when a negative group identity is activated? Steele and Aronson(1995) reported that African Americans performed much worse in intellectual tasks than their white peers when negative stereotypes were made salient. For this phenomenon called ‘stereotype threat', a number of research have been recently demonstrated. This underperformance phenomenon seems to result in disengagement and disidentification with a domain, where stereotype threats exist. Therefore in this article, individual and situational factors which account for this disruptive effect should be explored. Research on various mediators of stereotype threat effect will help us to explore the nature of stereotype threat and to distinguish among different stereotype threats. Understanding the underlying process will lead to develop effective coping strategies for these threats.
Abstract
This study attempted to test the effects of expert testimony about eyewitness memory on juror decision making. Three experiments were carried out. In all studies participants were shown a part of mock jury trial video which was recorded on August 26, 2004 and run by the Presidential Commission on Judicial Reform. The purpose of study 1 was to study the effect of expert testimony about eyewitness memory on juror decision making. In the study 1, 45 students were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions (no expert, defence-only expert, prosecuting attorney-only expert). Results of study 1 showed that participants in the prosecuting attorney-only expert condition were more likely to believe the eyewitness and gave the defendant higher guilty ratings than those in no expert condition.. Participants in the defense-only expert condition were less likely to gave the defendant higher innocence ratings than those in the no expert condition. But there was no significant difference in eyewitness credibility ratings. Study 2 was designed to examine the effect of cross-examination about expert testimony on juror decision making. 60 students were randomly assigned to one of 2 (strength of cross-examination：weak vs. strong) ×2 (expert testimony：defense-only expert vs. prosecuting attorney-only expert) experimental conditions. As a result, Jurors in the strong cross-examination condition about defense-only expert were more likely to believe eyewitness and gave the defendant higher guilty ratings than the weak cross-examination condition. Study 3 was to examine the effects of cross-examination when prosecution and defense both call for expert witnesses on jury decision making. 60 students participated in study 3. There was no significant difference among experimental conditions in guilty or innocent ratings about the defendant and in eyewitness credibility ratings.
Abstract
This questionnaire study examined the marital processes linking economic pressure to emotional distress and marital conflict that, in turn, affect marital outcome such as marital satisfaction and marital stability among 183 low-income couples residing in Seoul. It also investigated whether both independent and interdependent self-construals moderate the effect of economic stress on both emotional distress and perception of martial conflict. As expected, economic stress was positively related to both emotional distress and perception of marital conflict among husbands and wives, which, in turn, promoted their negative conflict responses. Negative conflict responses among husbands were, as expected, negatively related to the couples' marital satisfaction, which, in turn, increased marital instability. As for coping with economic stress, findings provided support only for interdependent self-construal that reduced the adverse influence of economic stress on both wives' emotional distress and husbands' perception of marital conflict. These findings indicate that interdependent self-construal contributes to marital life among the low-income couple, and may protect marital life among husbands and wives in a different manner.
Abstract
Modern leadership research has been sprouted in the mid 20th century, proliferating particularly since 1980s. People show a keen interest in leadership recently. Early endeavors in leadership studies had focused in identifying the personal attributes that made him/her to be selected as a leader. This trend had changed into finding the determinants of effective or successful leadership. Technological advancement, societal and organizational development, increased awareness about human rights and democracy have deeply influenced to the fundamental assumptions of leadership. Leadership substitutes, servant leadership, transformational leadership, post-industrial leadership, collaborative leadership, constructivism are a few of new leadership terminology that represent the changes in the new development of the assumptions of leadership. A crucial aspect of these changes is that leadership is becoming a less leader-focused. phenomenon. The author has concluded that wikipedic leadership is a prototype of leadership in this most recent information and technology era. The present review summarized the evolution of leadership research paradigms historically, examined the determinants of the leadership paradigm shift, and suggested the “ABC Capacity model” as an explanatory model for the evolution of the leadership paradigms.