Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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ISSN : 1229-0653
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Vol.28 No.4
Abstract
Recently, there has been an increased interest in the relationship between 2D:4D ratio (second-to-fourth digit ratio) and social behaviors. It is because 2D:4D can be used to explore a potential biological basis (the effect of prenatal testosterone) of individual differences in social behavior. Prenatal testosterone has organizational effects on brain development and finger length pattern, as well as permanent influence on behavior in later life. Low 2D:4D indicates high level of testosterone relative to estrogen in utero. If prenatal testosterone plays an important role in early brain development, digit ratio and later behavior, social behavior should be related to 2D:4D. In addition, if prenatal testosterone shapes the neural networks underlying social behaviors, these networks may be able to be activated by specific stimuli (e.g., social threat, testosterone administration) that provoke testosterone-dependent behaviors, and social behaviors expressed in response to those stimuli may be modulated by 2D:4D. Therefore, this review outlines research findings of the relationship between 2D:4D and social behaviors (e.g., social cooperation, risk taking, impulsivity, and aggression) using economic games (e.g., Trust game, Public goods game, Ultimatum game, etc) with a main focus on the role of 2D:4D dynamics in modulating social behaviors in response to certain stimuli. Studies have shown that 2D:4D affects on social decision making. Furthermore, prenatal testosterone may preprogram the neural mechanisms underlying social behaviors, and it may selectively modifies neural processing to facilitate or inhibit social behaviors in response to environmental or physiological cues.
Abstract
Korea National Police recently developed a Miranda Rights mobile application to assist police officers, so that they can provide Miranda warnings in appropriate languages to foreign suspects. However, some differences in translations were observed between Korean and English warnings. Furthermore, Miranda warnings for Juveniles do not exist in Korea. Therefore, this study examined Korean Miranda warning comprehension level of adolescents and adults(undergraduates). The results showed that adolescents have lower Miranda comprehension and more likely to misunderstand their rights than adults. Implications for the study will be discussed. The study result is expected to be used as foundation for improving comprehension of Miranda warning and the inform procedure in Korea.
Abstract
This research reports the development and psychometric properties of the Perceived Threat to Elderly Group Scale(PTES), a measure of the perceived threat to the elderly group for young and middle-aged adults. Based on Stephan's intergroup threat theory, this study assumed that young and middle-aged people would perceive a realistic threat and a symbolic threat to elderly group. To fill the need for a measure of young and middle-aged adults' perceived threat to the elderly group, we developed PTES. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted using two samples. Analyses identified a model with three factors: perceived political threat, perceived value threat, and perceived economic threat. Multi-group factor analysis demonstrated that PTES could be used across different age groups. Internal consistency for PTES subscale scores were good. Testing the association between PTES and the related constructs demonstrated that the PTES has good concurrent and incremental validity, and is almost unaffected by social desirability. The findings suggest that PTES is a reliable and valid scale that measure the extent which to young and middle-aged adults' perceived threat to elderly group.
Abstract
In this research, three different ‘Beyond a Reasonable Doubt’ instruction types are sorted by psycholinguistic factors and contents, which are previously provided forms in actual process. Presentation of visual aid for better comprehension of legal principles is another variable. To sum, this study is 3 x 2 between-subjects design. 403 people participated in this survey, they responded to the questions regarding guilty judgements and degree of understanding after reviewing summary on the dramatized actual criminal cases. They were also required to consider the minimum prerequisite for deciding ‘guilty’ or ‘not guilty’, as well as on which side of the judgements the instructions were focused. As results, recall scores are appeared relevantly higher with simpler instruction than other types, for understanding scores, with visual aid than without it. Also, instruction containing presumption of innocence and prosecutor’s burden of proof is considered to be more emphasized on the ‘Not guilty’ side than ‘Guilty’ one. Unexpectedly, emphasis on the ‘Not guilty’ side in instruction, recall scores and understanding scores are rather clearly appeared as a significant preestimated variable on the percentage of ‘Guilty’ judgement. This research raised the necessity for standardization of the jury instructions in the korean court, accompanying with the positive effect on the understanding with use of visual aid.
Abstract
In this research, three different 'Beyond a Reasonable Doubt' instruction types are sorted by psycholinguistic factors and contents, which are previously provided forms in actual process. Presentation of visual aid for better comprehension of legal principles is another variable. To sum, this study is 3 × 2 between-subjects design. 403 people participated in this survey, they responded to the questions regarding guilty judgements and degree of understanding after reviewing summary on the dramatized actual criminal cases. They were also required to consider the minimum prerequisite for deciding 'guilty' or 'not guilty', as well as on which side of the judgements the instructions were focused. As results, recall scores are appeared relevantly higher with simpler instruction than other types, for understanding scores, with visual aid than without it. Also, instruction containing presumption of innocence and prosecutor's burden of proof is considered to be more emphasized on the 'Not guilty' side than 'Guilty' one. Unexpectedly, emphasis on the 'Not guilty' side in instruction, recall scores and understanding scores are rather clearly appeared as a significant preestimated variable on the percentage of 'Guilty' judgement. This research raised the necessity for standardization of the jury instructions in the korean court, accompanying with the positive effect on the understanding with use of visual aid.
Abstract
A new scale for measuring psychosocial maturity of college students was constructed and validated in this study. At the first stage, 195 items tapping various aspects of psychosocial maturity were extracted from the previous scales for measuring psycho-social development and from literature review. Based on evaluation of the whole items by 7 psychology students, 45 items were selected. At the second stage, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the 45 items with 241 college students of both sexes. Using a scree test, we extracted three factors of 16 items; they are ‘personal maturity’, ‘interpersonal adaption’, and ‘social openness’. To check validity of scales, the correlations with related scales were examined. The correlations with satisfaction of life, aesthetic sensitivity, and subscales of psychological well-being were turned out to be significantly positive and the correlations with neurotic propensity and with difficulty of emotional regulation were negative. The results supported that this scale is a reliable instrument to measure college students' psychosocial maturity. At the last stage of checking the reliability and factor structure of the scale, a confirmatory factor analysis was carried out with another sample of 272 college students. The results supported the preceding results. The implications and limitations of the present study were discussed.