Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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ISSN : 1229-0653
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Vol.9 No.1
Abstract
Continued from the previous paper (Cho, 1994) regarding Hsun Tzu's theory on the relationship between the Heaven and the human being, which dealt with the basic theoretical paradigm consistent in the whole works of Hsun Tzu, this article aims at extracting some psychological lessons from Hsun Tzu's theory on human nature. Hsun Tzu viewed that inherent nature of human being is comprised of three factors: emotions/desires, intellectual ability and moral ability. Thus these three factors become automatically psychic components of human being. From the basis of this perspective of Hsun Tzu, the author derived three research issues and discussed their psychological implications: the study on the structure of the psychic components, the study on the cognitive biases and their correction, and the study on the psychology of self.
Abstract
As social issues of Korea get so serious that they seem to endanger the existence of the society, psychologists who have traditionally focused on individuals are showing interest in the study of social issues. Social issues considered important by Korean people involve environment, politics, and school education. As these problems are usually attributed to the Korean "national character", studies of national character were reviewed. Many of the pereonality characteristics held typically as Korean are associated with collectivism. Hie trouble of the Korean collectivism sems to lie in its exclusiveness; the "we"-group should be extended to include non-family members of the greater community. Two of the suggested programs for social reform were discussed: "Psychology of Culture Design"(Cha, 1994b) and "Modern Democratic Citizenship Education"(Chun et al, 1992). Cha maintains that "consciousness change"(cultural reform), which is widely considered as the cure for many social diseases, is in fact behavior modification of people through the application of principles of operational conditioning. However, this program may not be implemented, as the suggested "preparatory measures", the active support from the administrative bureaucrats, are unlikely to be taken. Only a democratic or democraticized state would actively set out to attack the social problems, especially those originating from political corruption. So principles and methods of democratic citizenship education(Chun et al, 1992) were discussed. But here also the authors concluded that the politial elite and school staff should be educated to act democratically, before the education program can be successfully enacted by them. It seems that people should guide and educate politicians and educators rather than be guided by them. In other words, civil movement is in order for the solution of social problems. It was argued that people participating in the movement should monitor and control the actions of the social and political elite and at the same time engage in self-criticisms to change their own attitude and behavior. As one of the successful examples, the environmental movement was described. The residents/citizens get sense of well-being and control through keeping their environment safe. They also realize that environment concerns everyone and its protection requires collective action, which fosters their sense of community. Such sense of well-being and sense of community may contribute to overcoming the exclusiveness of the Korean collectivism.
Abstract
The present experiment examined the effect of the privateㆍpublic nature of the attribution situation and individual differences in (collective) self-esteem on the self-serving and the group-serving attribution bias. Study 1 examined the hypothesis that the self-serving attribution regarding the performance in an individual task would be obtained only in the private attribution situation but not in the public situation, and that this tendency would be especially shown for the subjects high in self-esteem. The results of Study 1 however, only partially supported the hypothesis: whereas those high in self-esteem demonstrated the self-serving attribution and task evaluation regardless of the nature of the attribution situation, low self-esteem people showed such tendency only in the public attribution sitation. The results of Study 2 demonstrated a strong tendency of group-serving attribution regarding the results of group task performance. The results of Study 2 also showed that the group-serving external attribution was weakened in the public situation. The results also demonstrated teammate-serving attributions on the results of group task performance, which was intensified in the public situation. The results of Study 3 further supported the reliability and validity of the findings in Study 2, obtaining similar group-serving attribution in real-life situation. The theoretical and practical implications of these results were discussed.
Abstract
The present study investigated occurrence frequencies of daily terms which people use in explaining causes and reasons for behaviors in personal relationships. Furthermore, dimensions underlying those explanatory terms were analyzed. First, five hundred subjects were asked to describe explanatory terms of causes and reasons for 59 behavioral events that could be occurred frequently in a daily life. Content analysis on these free responses generated 132 explanatory terms and their frequencies differed across subject's sex, types, and phases of interpersonal relationships. Among those 70 terms were, then, selected with the criteria of the high frequency, independence in meaning, and representativeness for each category. Another group of 66 college students were asked to classify the 70 terms into 10 categories according to the similarity in the meaning. Custer analysis and multidimensional scaling (ALSCAL) on the similarity data consistently revealed three dimensions (stress=14%). The first dimension was interpreted as good-bad, the second dimension as pereon-stimulus or situations, and the third dimension as actor-relationships. Implications and suggestions for the subsequent research were discussed.
Abstract
This study was conducted to empirically investigate the effects of other-centered social expectation as an altenative source to self-centered social expectation in enhancing self-control in the presence of salient obstacles (e.g., working hard painful task). Two experiments were carried out to examine the relative effects of these two types social expectation on self-control. Fifth grade right-handed children copied mirror-image letters with their left hand without a pause. This task was very laborious and tedious to children. We compared the effect of children's expectation of approval from experimenter (self-centered social expectation) with that of children's expectation of their mother's joy (other-centered social expectation) on self-control in Experiment 1. And in experiment 2, the effect of children's expectation of approval from their mother (self-centered social expectation) was compared with that of children's expectation of their mother's joy. The result of experiment 1 showed that children who were induced to expect their mother's joy performed the task longer than those who were labelled 'being patient and good child' by an experimenter, results of experiment 2 were as follows: 1) children who were induced to expect their mother's approval performed the task as long as those who induced to expect their mother's joy. 2) Unexpectedly, children who were induecd to expect both mother's joy and mother's approval performed the task less longer than those who were induced to expect their mother's joy only. We discussed the nature of expectation of mother's joy and that the effect of social reward on self-control can be different from depending on those who give social rewards.
Abstract
The present study investigated (1) the perceived dimensions of important social problems and (2) urgency of social problems in current Korean society. Eighteen hundreds and twelve respondents including college students and their parents in 5 regional areas were asked to identify important social problems, and 65 items on which more than 40% of respondents agreed were, then, selected. The inter-item distance matrix of those 65 items was computed by using the similarity data obtained from independent 68 undergraduate and graduate students. Results from cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling consistently indicated the following two dimensions (stress=12.8%). The first dimension was institutional and structural government policies vs. people's life style, which were composed of political, economic, and social problems vs. cultural, educational, and juvenile problems, respectively. The second dimension was economic and regional injustice dimension vs. daily life environment dimension. Corruption of politicians, environmental pollution, traffic problems, and lift market/Uruguay Round were judged as highly important and urgent social problems. The perceived urgency of remaining items differed from the importance judgment. Regardless of the importance, issues concerning structural, institutional, and political problems were interpreted as highly urgent problems.