Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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ISSN : 1229-0653
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Vol.11 No.2
Abstract
Continued from the previous paper(Cho, 1995) regarding Hsun Tzu's theory of human nature, this article aimed at extracting some psychological lessons from Hsun Tzu's theory of the proper conduct(Li, 禮). Hsun Tzu proposed that because human beings are social and gregarious in nature and gregarious living inevitably bring about conflict and struggle among members, the system of prevention of these struggle (Li) is needed. The first and foremost function of Li is division of human classes and roles. Hsun Tzu viewed that human beings live together peacefully through these division, because it brings each of them contentment with his/her lot. From Hsun Tzu's theory of the proper conduct like this, the author derived two research issues and discussed their psychological implications: the study on the theory of social relation-ships(which is different from the perspective of social exchange theory) and the study on the distributive justice.
Abstract
This paper is a review of the studies on the fear of crime. It focuses on the social and psychological factors that influence the fear of crime and some methodological issues for future empirical studies. Due to the ambiguity of the concept, there are difficulties to draw a conclusion from various studies with different perspectives. The fear of crime is a complex construct in which the factors inside and outside of the community as well as personal variables interact with one another. The actual risk of victimization, victimization history, socialization process, mass media, perceived efficiency of official control, structural changes of community and incivility factors, and perceived vulnerability seem to be related to the fear of crime.
Abstract
The present study composing of two related experiments concerns to search the patterns of using of two reciprocity nonrms in the outcome exchange situation. In experiment 1 subjects overpaid or underpaid credits from their partner(confederate) than they expected, then in the next session of experiment they were told to repay credits to their partner at will. Subjects overpaid did compensate to him exactly same to their profit received before, but subjects underpaid did repay to him more credits than they received. These results suggest that subjects follow the positive reciprocity norm exactly and follow the negative reciprocity norm roughly. In experiment 2 dealing with effect of conflict(manipulated with zero-sum situation) on the pattern of exchange, the conflict of two persons in exchange relationships made the reciprocity norm salient. When subjects perceive there are conflict between two person, they more followed the norm exactly than do not perceive conflict. The conflict may trigger a matching response in the size of the repayment between two persons exchanging their profits. Generally speaking, they opted for rough reciprocity norm in no conflict condition and opted for relatively exact reciprocity norm in conflict condition. Above results were discussed in the theoretical and practical contexts.
Abstract
This study addressed two problems that have been repeatedly observed in the previous studies using Korean Sex Role Inventory(KSRI). The first problem was that far too many male respondents had been classified as the androgynous type, and disproportionately large number of female respondents as the undifferentiated type by the KSRI. The second problem was that the same respondent could be classified into different sex role categories because sample medians were used as the cut-off points for classification. A previous study which examined the psychometric properties of the KSRI items failed to discover any psychometric defects among the items. Thus, study 1 was designed to test the hypothesis that the unexpected distribution of sex role categories is due to resoonse bias. That is, males respond to the items by comparing themselves with other males in general, and females respond by comparing themselves with other females in general. Four versions of KSRI were constructed by changing the instruction requesting the respondents to rate the items by comparing themselves with other males, females, both or each. The hypothesis was clearly confirmed. It was concluded that the disproportionate numbers of male respondents in the androgynous category and female respondents in the undifferentiated category were the result of response bias with the respondents rating themselves by applying stereotypical standards with respect to their own biological gender. Study 2 based on the data collected in study 1, attempted to derive adjustment coefficients that can be added ito the raw scores of KSRI in order to estimate the scores that would be obtained if the respondents have had applied gender-free judgmental standards. When the adjusted scores were used to classify the respondents into the sex role categories, the unexpected distribution of sex role categories no longer occurred. Finally, study 3 determined permanent cut-off scores that should be used irrespective of particular samples. For this determination, all previous data on KSRI were combined(n= 1675) and subjected to Item Response Theory analysis. Cut-off points of the femininity and masculinity subscales were determined at the scores that pro vide the highest test information. Since the higest test information implies the strongest discriminating power, these cut-off scores are theoretically considered to guarantee the lowest rates of misclassification. With the adjustment coefficients and the sample-free cut-off points the previous problems associated with KSRI will no longer occur. Follow-up studies need to examine the validities of the coefficients and the cut-off points. Implications for Bern's original Sex Role Inventory were discussed.
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to investigate Korean college students' distributional pattern of attachment style. The typical distributional pattern of American adults and college students appeared in order of secure>avoidant>ambivalent in many studies. In spite of this consistent distributional pattern, the differences in many psychological characteristics between attachment types are unstable. We are to understand this disparity in cultural perspective. Particularly, we conjectured that the higher ratio of avoidant in comparison with ambivalent is a reflection of American culture emphasizes individuality and independence of self. Korea is classified into collectivistic and relational oriented culture. Therefore we anticipated that there are more ambivalent than avoidant in Korean culture. As anticipated, the ratio of ambivalent was higher than that of avoidant in Korean college students. And the characteristics between attachment types were different in two cultures. We discussed it with cultural view.
Abstract
The purposes of this study were (l)to show whether the implicit activation of counter-stereotypes may enhance relative favorableness of impressions for stereotype-inconsistent persons, and (2)to prove the existence of implicit cognition by showing that subjects were unaware of the process through which they were systematically influenced by the priming behaviors in forming impressions. After constructing priming and impression questionnaires based on pretests, the experimenter made the 112 subjects each believe that the two questionnaires were made for separate experiments. While subjects being unaware of the connected ness between the questionnaires, they were first primed by (l)positive or negative (2)stereotype or counterstereotype behavioral statements, and then asked to form the impressions of (3)one male and one female described as (4)either assertive or shy. Impressions were measured by (l)favorableness, (2)likability in daily lives, (3)perceived aggressiveness(a manipulation check), and (4)social distance. Results showed that positive counter-stereotype and negative stereotype activation increased the favorableness of impressions for stereotype-inconsistent persons, while negative counter-stereotype and positive stereotype priming maintained or strengthened the favorableness of stereotype-consistent persons. There was almost no significant correlations between subjects' explicit memory for prime behaviors and impression scores. Thus, it was concluded that unconscious or implicit processes may systematically influence individuals' judgmental processes such as impression formation. Finally, it was suggested that stereotype research should be theoretically reformulated in terms of automatic acrivation of strong attitudes.
Abstract
The present study examined subjects' evaluations of groups and individual members of that groups composed of a majority of persons with low test scores and atypical persons with high test scores. As a result, the effect of atypical persons on the impression ratings depended on the type of social comparison. First with regard to the ratings of groups, when subjects made within-group comparisons, they perceived the majority (low scorers) as the representative information of groups. As a result, ratings of the groups did not differ whether or not there was atypical high-scoring members. However, when subjects made between-group comparisons, the atypical high-scorers(who accentuated the difference in between-group comparisons) were perceived as the representative information of groups. That is, subjects rated the group with the high-scorers more positively than the group without them. With regard to the ratings of individual members, there were contrast effects between the high-scorers and the rests of the group members in both the within-comparison and between-comparison conditions. Ratings of the test scores of individuals were more negative when there were atypical high-scoring members in the group than there was none. However ratings of individuals with extremely low scores did not differ whether there were high-scoring members or not. That is, no contrast effects appeared in the ratings of individual members whose scores were extremely different from high-scoring members. Implications of the result to the study of stereotypes and subjective well-being were discussed.
Abstract
Patterns in the use of personal space were observed in selected settings: the classroom, library, subway, bus, snacksar, cafeteria, and theater. Seats far from the door and the lectem were preferred in the classroom. In the library, seats far from the door and near from the walls were preferred. The outer rather than middle seats on the subway filled first, with no observable differences between the opposite and the same-side seats from the sliding doors. Passengers on the bus chose window seats in the front and middle over the aisle and the rear section. Students settled at table near the serving line in the cafeteria and closet to the counter in the snack bar, indicating perhaps of a choice of convenience, while their preference for inside seats away from the corridor possibly denote a desire for privacy. For theater goers, the seats of choice were opposite the entrance and in the upper-middle section.