Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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- P-ISSN1229-0653
- KCI
ISSN : 1229-0653
Vol.14 No.1
Abstract
Shim-jeong(心情) communication is widely claimed to be the cultural mode of communication in Korea. The present investigation theoretically distinguishes shim-jeong mode of communication, juxtaposing it against ordinary mode of communication. The shim-jeong communication is exchanged among ingroup people sharing a history of intimate interaction and its persuasive power hinges on the caring mind of the recipient. The present investigation analyzed empirically how Shim-jeong is represented among folk mind in study 1 and whether Shim-jeong dialogues are discernible and what characteristics they have in study 2. Study 1 showed that people want to communicate Shim-jeong(aroused state of inner mind) in conflict situation with ingroup people. Its preferred mode of communication is nonverbal as well as verbal. Study 2 showed that people share high level of consensus in discerning shim-jeong dialogues when they were presented in short written format. Although shim-jeong communication is a Korean indigenous mode of communication, its occurrence may be universal. Discussion is centered on the theoretical framework of shim-jeong communication.
Abstract
As gender studies have been flourishing in Korea in the past 10 years, the themes as well as the scope of the study have been also expanding. However, adequate instruments for assessing people's attitudes toward women or gender equality had been lacking. Many studies look at the aspect of gender role consciousness in order to diagnose the state of people's awareness of women-related issues and to lay a foundation for developing policy measures to solve women's issues. Due to the absence of measurement tools with proven reliability and validity, as well as cultural relevancy, most of these studies employ scales imported from abroad. Employing scales developed in countries with different cultural norms and customs in relation to gender behavior can pose many problems. For instance, scales such as BSRI(Bem Sex Role Inventory, by Bem, 1974) and SRES(Sex Role Egalitarianism Scale, King & King, 1983) do not deal with issues such as boy preference and married women's relationship with in-laws having significant implications for the lives of women in Korea because of the patriarchal family system. Noting this problem, it is also common for researchers to make up a scale by him/herself and use it without adequate validation processes. In this context, KWDI launched a research project develope the Korean Gender Egalitarianism Scale(KGES), aiming to capture uniqueness of relationship between women and men in Korea. First, the concept of gender egalitarianism was defined and then a theoretical framework or structure for the scale was formulated. Three preliminary surveys were conducted for the construction and review of items as well as for a pilot testing of the scale. Two main surveys were conducted, on the general public(N=1,627) and members of women's organizations, for the purpose of validating the scale as well as of securing the norms. The complete version of the KGES consists of 80 items in four life domains(family, work, education, and culture). The reliability scores(Cronbach α) for the whole scale was .9461 for the general public(men and women), .9347 for women, .9314 for men, and .9643 for the members of women's organizations.
Abstract
The present study tried to explore the effects of various social and psychological variables on school bullying. The specific purposes of this study were to explore 1) if the social and psychological variables differed among the groups of non-participants, bullies, victims, and bully-victims, 2) the relative importance of various social and psychological variables affecting bullying behaviors, 3) if past exposure to violence is specially important variable in predicting school bullying. A sample of 827 female middle school students completed a questionnaire survey. In results, 1) non-participants, bullies, victims, and bully-victims differed in their grade, school-achievement, monthly spending money, satisfaction with home and school environment, self esteem, social support from family and friends, level of stress, passive strategies for stress, aggressiveness, exposure to violence, and sympathy. 2) Exposure to peer's violence, aggressiveness, exposure to family's violence, grade, exposure to mass-media's violence, father's job, and feeling of danger on school environment were important variable in predicting the bullies' behaviors. Whereas, feeling of danger on school environment, exposure to teachers' violence, self-esteem, social support from teachers, father's job, and social support from friends were important variable in predicting the victims' behaviors. On the bases of the results of this study, variables related to school bullying and possible interventions were discussed.
Abstract
Two experiments were carried out to search for an explanation of mood effect on judgment. Some participants in Experiment 1 were made to feel good or bad for being in a cosy or dirty room. Some of them were made to be aware or unaware of the reason of their feeling; the others were instructed to be careful not to be influenced by their mood in their judgments on their general well-being and concrete issues (satisfaction of their residence and allowance). Mood effect was found in the Unawareness condition; clear correction effect in the Warning condition; tendency for correction effect in the Awareness condition. In Experiment 2, stronger emotions were induced by giving participants a praise and a book coupon(positive emotion) or an insult(negative emotion). Correction effect was found in both Clear and Weak Awareness conditions. These results were found for both concrete and global issues in both experiments. 'Emotional Set' hypothesis was proposed which maintains that an emotional state should form a set(perhaps in amygdala, based on LeDoux' theory) to color the evaluation of a target. Further research on the correction effect was discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the conscious(Experiment 1) and the subliminal (Experiment 2) priming of the 'one-group' category led people to evaluate the North Koreans more positively. The results of the two experiments showed that the priming of the 'one -group' category made people evaluate on the feeling thermometer ratings(Experiment 1ㆍ2) and the likability ratings(Experiment 2) towards North Koreans more positively as well as the trait ratings(Experiment 2). These results suggest that the activation of the recategorized superordinate category can make the evaluation toward the outgroup members more positively, mainly through changing the emotions toward the target. We also discussed about the important practical implications of the results.
Abstract
This study proposes a taxonomy of causal attributions appropriated for marital relationship. Study I examines the content of spouses' causal attributions most common in marriage and the relevance of the direct attribution inducing method which was used to investigate causal attributions. Attribution data from 338 married people were classified into 183 attribution categories through content analysis. A frequency analysis of 183 attribution categories showed that the actor attribution had the highest frequency for both positive and negative behavior of spouses, followed by the third parties/circumstances/stimulus attribution, the self attribution that is the object of the behavior of spouses, and the attribution to both sides. In order to examine the relevance of the direct attribution inducing method, two attribution inducing methods, a direct method in which an actor directly described causes for the behavior and an indirect method that extracted attributions from the data of thoughts or feelings that arose sponstaneously when partner behavior occurred, were used. .72 agreement rate on attribution category was achieved. This result indicates that there is little difference between direct and indirect methods. Study 21 investigates dimensions underlying attributions derived from study 1. First, among 183 attribution categories, 70 terms were selected on the basis of frequency and representativeness for each category. Then 69 undergraduate and graduate students classified them into 10 categories according to similarity of meaning. A multi-dimensional scaling analysis of these data showed three dimensions(stress=.07, R²=.96). The interpretation of these dimensions was guided by data from 60 additional subjects who rated the 70 causes on 24 bipolar scales. As a result, the first dimension was interpreted as 'self or spouse-other than self or spouse'(relationship-other than relationship), the second as 'spouse-other than spouse' and the third as 'both sides-other than both sides'. The result of the cluster analysis also shows that the interpretation of each dimension acquired from the analysis of the multi-dimensional scaling was relevant. Finally, the significance, implications, and limitations of this study were discussed, and issues to be investigated in the future studies were mentioned.
Abstract
This study attempted to explore latent structure of emotion structure from its input to output. At first, basic emotions were chosen, which were mentioned before in previous studies. Three perspectives were observed, the feeling of emotions subjectively experienced, cognitive appraisal of those emotions, and spoken expression of them. The criteria to discriminate these basic emotions were investigated on these three cases. Factor analyses and multidimensional scaling presented latent structure of subjective feeling was explained well by valence and arousal factors as in the case of facial expression. However, these dimensions was not found so important in case of cognitive appraisal and verbal expression of emotions. Instead, causal attribution and intention to communicate seemed to be important dimensions respectively in cognitive appraisal and verbal expression of emotions. Finally the implications of this study were discussed briefly.
Abstract
This study investigated how emotion is proceeded. The affective priming effect of subliminal condition was compared to that of supraliminal condition by means of priming paradigm(Murphy & Zajonc, 1993), to confirm 'affective primacy effect'. In order to show different priming effect with the case accompanied by emotional arousal, the pictures of emotive events were used as priming stimuli of experiment 2. As Murphy and Zajonc(1993) found, the assimilation phenomenon was replicated in subliminal priming condition of experiment 1 as well as experiment 2. Unlike the previous research which found the disappearance of assimilation effect at supraliminal condition, the experiment 2 found that strong emotional arousal, caused by a long duration of the priming stimuli, produced strong assimilation effect. The present investigation suggests several processes of emotion may be fruitfully distinguishable. Finally, the implications of these results had been discussed.
Abstract
A survey was conducted to investigate the nature of stereotype of North Korea and the inter-relationship among emotional empathy with North Korea, the amount of information on North Korea, and the psychological distance toward unification. One hundred-eighty nine college South Korean students evaluated four groups: North Korea as a nation, its residents in general, North Korean men and women. Students reported that when they evaluated North Korea as a nation the first image that carne to their mind were political leaders, especially Kim Il-Sung and Kim Jung-il, and their aggressiveness and masculinity. They perceived both North Korea and North Korean men as aggressive and dominant. On the other hand, college students evaluated North Korean women on the basis of their perception of North Korean residents and their economic hardship. There was no common attribute between the stereotype of North Korea as a nation and that of North Korean women. A multidimensional scaling analysis showed that the stereotype of North Korean residents lay in the middle of those of North Korean men and women. North Korea as a nation and North Korean women were located on the opposite side of a multidimensional scale. The more positively South Korean students perceived North Korea and its people, the more they emotionally empathized with North Korea, or the more information on North Korea they had, the smaller was their psychological distance toward unification.
Abstract
In Confucian cultures, the phenomena and notion of Chemyon(體面, social face) pervade widely in the social contexts of interpersonal behaviors. The Korean's consciousness about Chemyon of his own as well as his counterpart person's is so strong as to sometimes manifest Chemyon behavior against his or her true self and authentic mind. From the viewpoint of Western values of honesty and internal consistency between behavior and self, such Chemyon behaviors are often seen or interpreted as implying that Koreans show inconsistency between inner minds and outer behaviors or do not have solid selves, or in its extreme tell lies without a strong sense of guilt. The concept of(social) face in Western culture has been dealt with in psychological literatures as having significance in the context of self-esteem or impression-management. The Chemyon in Confucian cultures, besides the social dimension of its significance, is directly linked to the concept of human being. According to Confucian philosophy, Chemyon is grounded on the quality standard of humanness, 禮義廉恥(Behaving according to propriety and knowing shame when propriety is violated). The philosophy is reflected even in folk way of cursing a person who is not aware of Chemyon as "the bitch like Kum-so(禽獸, birds and animals)". In the Confucian model of human being, loosing social face should induce or result in sense of shame, which differentiates human beings from non-human-beings. Shame can emerge in two ways. One way is from knowing alone that he or she behaved him/herself against the standard of Chemyon. The other way is from knowing through others who reveal despising responses to one's demeaning behavior of violating Chemyon standard. The former is named here as 廉恥體面(self-shamed Chemyon) and the latter as 羞恥體面(other-shamed Chemyon). In Confucian teaching, 廉恥體面 was given higher priority and emphasis over 羞恥體面. However, the notions and practices of Chemyon prescribed in Confucian teachings have gone through changes incorporating secular societal and personal interests and values. For instance, 羞恥體面 overrides 廉恥體面 in its prevalence and importance 廉恥體面 in contemporary Korean society. The sources of shame and Chemyon also reflect substantial changes along with social and cultural transformation. Korean people in the past was conscious more about shame associated with moral inadequacy than shame coming from one's incompetence. In the present, however, it shows a reverse tendency. In the past, self-construed shame and Chemyon which comes from one's own reflection on his or her behavior was given higher priority and importance than other-directed show-up Chemyon which is directed toward demonstrating outwardly one's own superiority in ability, power and/or morality. In the present, the latter prevails over the former. Chemyon practices were categorized in teens of the target for which the Chemyon behavior was intended to serve; self-directed Chemyon and other-directed Chemyon. The Chemyon confounded with ritualistic symbolism in Korean culture was identified and named as Uiryesung Chemyon(儀禮性 體面). Finally, Korean Chemyon was compared with Chinese Lian and Mianzi and Japanese Mentz.
Abstract
According to past scholars and researchers the concept and phenomena of Cheong(情) is the most unique characteristics of Koreans interpersonal relationship. Past studies have examined the positive and simplistic aspects of Cheong(情), which is defined as uncalculating, self-sacrificing and unconditional support for a long period of time within we-ness relationship. The purpose of the present study is to further examine the complex and dynamic concept, expressive behaviours of Cheong, and function of Cheong within the we-ness interpersonal relationship. More specifically, the focus of this present paper is to examine the psychological dynamics of ko-un(sweet) and mi-un(hateful) Cheong. According to results by lisrel, Cheong has significant effects on expressive behaviors and the expressive behaviors of Cheong also has significant effect on function of Cheong.
Abstract
The purposes of this study were (1)systematic and comprehensive analysis of desirability factors of mate characteristics in Korean college students, (2)identification of the influences of desirability of mate characteristics on intentions of dating and marriage relationships, and (3)identification of relation between qualities of relationships(satisfaction, commitment and love) and mate characteristics, social exchange variables and other interested variables. To accomplish these purposes, three studies were performed. The factor analysis of desirability of mate characteristics showed 13 factors and these factors were very different from those of Buss and Barnes(1986). The desirability of mate characteristics influenced the intentions of dating and marriage relationships. And factors of mate characteristics also predicted the qualities of relationships(satisfaction, commitment and love) along with several social exchange variables and other interested variables.
Abstract
This study focused on the emotional complexity as an individual difference variable. Emotional Complexity Coding Scheme(ECCS) has been developed based on Harter's(1986) four developmental levels of emotion to measure individual's complexity in processing emotion-related information. In Study 1, 4 stimuli from TAT and 2 stimuli from KCAT were used to elicit emotional responses which were rated by two caters according to the ECCS. Cognitive complexity was measured using a questionnaire concerning the distribution of bone-marrows. The results revealed a high internal consistency as well as inter-rater reliability of ECCS. Also, a low negative correlation(r=-.26, p<.05) was found between emotional complexity and cognitive complexity. Emotionally complex individuals were found to have more clear experience of emotions with better coping ability, to be more empathetic toward others, and actively engaged in exchange of emotional support with others. In Study 2, the hypothesis that emotionally complex individuals are better at accurate understanding of others' emotions by having the subjects listen to a recorded tape from which they identified the emotions and the intensity of the emotions felt by 4 speakers in emotional situations. The results showed that emotionally complex individuals were better in both identifying others' felt emotions and rating their intensity. Lastly, suggestions and implications for the future investigations are discussed.