Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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ISSN : 1229-0653
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Vol.21 No.2
Abstract
Following concepts introduced by Inumiya and Kim(2006), this study describes the theoretical and empirical development of a scale to measure the strength of an individual's subjective, objective and autonomous self-construals. These three representations of self are conceptualized as reflecting the emphasis on the relational position that displays social influence often found in Korean culture - subjective, the emphasis on the relational position that accommodates social influence often found in Japanese culture - objective, and the separateness and uniqueness of the individual - autonomous - stressed in the West. An 18-item Subjective/Objective/Autonomous Self-construal(SOAS) scale measuring three dimensions of self-image is presented. The SOAS scale was found to have satisfactory internal reliability. And it showed convergent and discriminant validity with measures of independent and interdependent self-construal(Takata independent/interdependent self-construal scale; Takata, Ohmoto, & Seike, 1996) and interpersonal circumplex (Korean version of the Interpersonal Adjective Scale; Chung, 2004). Its implications for self-related processes and potential applications are discussed.
Abstract
Focalism is a tendency to neglect relevant but less salient factors in theprediction of happiness. To explore whether focalism occurs in the context of predicting other people’s happiness in Korea, the actual and predicted levels of happiness of Seoul and Choonchun residents were analyzed (N=1,429). As expected, predictions of other’s happiness were based disproportionately heavily on aspects of life that might be highly salient from the standpoint of a non-resident. For instance, Choonchun residents overestimated the amount of satisfaction residents of Seoul might derive from domains of shopping and job opportunities. Conversely, people living in Seoul overestimated how happy Choonchun residents might feel in their leisurely pace of life style. The current findingssuggest that focalistic judgmental tendencies emerge among Koreans in happiness predictions, despite holding holistic worldviews that may potentially attenuate such biases (Lam et al., 2005).
Abstract
Juvenile diversion at police has been attempted with expert intervention since 2003. However, legislation for this system has not been made in Korea. A preliminary risk assessment procedure for juvenile offenders has been performed from 2003 to early 2004 at two police stations. This risk evaluation system is very important for determining the level of expert intervention for juvenile diversion. From late 2004 to early 2005, three more police stations have been involved. Now, fifty police stations are applied this juvenile risk evaluation and aftercare system nation-widely. This study explored the effectiveness of the risk evaluation system to predict juvenile recidivism. Data collected from 2003 to 2005 at five police stations were analyzed for this study. The recidivism data were searched at the end of 2006. The results showed criminal records of juveniles significantly predicted the number of committing crime. When the time to the first recidivism was controlled family brokenness was a facilitating factor pushing juveniles into crime. ROC analysis presented that predictive power was statistically significant but weak.
Abstract
The present study were to examine that a sequential lineup procedure yield greater diagnosticity ratios than does the common simultaneous lineup procedure. Participants were 299 university students. The result of the examination showed that the effect of interaction in the lineup formation has an important implication, according to the likelihood of the suspect's presence or not. In detail, in the case of the suspect's presence among the participants in the lineup formation, there are difference between the simultaneous procedure and the sequential one. In other words, this result that identification's accuracy of the sequential procedure was more high the simultaneous one. Meanwhile, the unbiased instructions appear to create no moderating effects between the lineup formation and the identification rates. Instead there appears to have a significant ramification in the interaction between the unbiased instructions and the fact that whether or not the suspect is included. This result demonstrates the possibility of the suspect's absence or presence in the lineup formation. Consequently, the unbiased instructions are essential to the identification procedure for the sake of the innocent protection from being pointed as the suspect. This study has implicit ramifications on the current investigation scene as follows：firstly, the sequential procedure has accuracy in the suspect identification as well as it contributes to reduction in misidentification. Accordingly, when the identification procedure takes place, the sequential procedure should have a priority to be considered prior to the simultaneous one. Secondly, the unbiased instruction of the processor helps to prevent the witness' mistakes in the identification procedure.
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the construct equivalence of a personality inventory in a low and high socially desirable responding (SDR) groups. In the pursuit of achieving the purposes, a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to test the configural, metric, and scalar invariance in the two groups' data. Total of 2,799 undergraduate students responded to the reduced personality inventory which was based on the Personality Inventory developed by the Central Employment Information Office (2001) and Korean version of Paulus' (2002) BIDR-7 that consists of two sub-scales, namely the self-deceptive enhancement scale and the impression management scale. The results of the construct equivalence tests provided evidence that supported the configural and metric invariance in the two groups. The results also showed that (1) between the low and high self-deceptive enhancement groups, substantial effect sizes were observed in the conscientiousness and emotional stability items; (2) between the low and high impression management groups, substantial effect sizes were observed in the agreeableness and conscientiousness items. It was worth noting that social desirability did not alter the factor structures that characterized the personality inventory used in this study. The results implied that the personal inventory could be used commonly in the low and high SDR groups. However, since it failed to ensure scalar invariance, the personality inventory scores from each group were to be compared cautiously. The limitation of this study and suggestions for following studies were discussed.
Abstract
The present study purports to investigate the relationships between several indices of perception congruence and marital satisfaction in married couples. Specifically it was carried out to find whether indices of perception congruence depend on marriage periods, domains, husbands and wives' beliefs and finally whether they are related to martial satisfaction. Data was collected from 155 married couples in Masan and Changwon. They did respond on prepared questionnaire to find out perceptions of the self and his(her) spouse on personalities and beliefs of marriage. Perception about personalities was measured in five domains based on Big 5 personality traits and perception about beliefs of marriage in four domains. The major results are followed： First, there was no meaningful relations between couple's marriage periods and all indices of their perception congruence. Second, in personalities couple's understanding of his(her) spouse was greater than actual and assumed similarity. In beliefs of marriage, assumed similarity that a spouse has the same beliefs of marriage was greater than other measures of perception congruence. Last, the effect on measures of perception congruence on marital satisfaction was different in personalities and beliefs of marriage. In personalities, the greater husband's assumed similarity and wife's understanding were, the greater their marital satisfaction was. In beliefs of marriage, However, the greater actual and assumed similarity of husband was, the greater the his marital satisfaction was. While the greater the wife's assumed similarity was, the greater her marital satisfaction was.
Abstract
The present study examined how group composition and instrumentality of individual contribution to a group task affect the performance of stereotype targets in groups. The composition of groups was manipulated by assigning female participants to either a same-sex group (with one female confederate) or a mixed-sex group (with one male confederate). Instrumentality of individual contribution was manipulated by leading the female participants to believe that their own performance would determine either 70% or 30% of group performance. Drawing on previous research on stereotype threat, the present study hypothesized that female participants would perform better in the same-sex condition than in the mixed-sex condition. In addition, it was hypothesized that female participants would perform better in the high instrumentality condition than in the low instrumentality condition. Using a handgrip task, the present study found supportive evidence for the two predicted main effect hypotheses. However, unlike the predicted interaction effect, female participants performed better in the same-sex condition than in the mixed-sex condition when the perceived instrumentality of individual contribution was high. In contrast, group composition did not have a significant effect when the perceived instrumentality was low. These findings were interpreted in terms of motivation gain and social loafing among females in a stereotype threat situation. Implications of the study and future directions are discussed.
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the quality of life in terms of how individuals experience various activities and emotions in daily life using the Day Reconstruction Method (DRM). The DRM, which combines features of the time-diary method and the Experience Sampling Method, assesses how people spend their time and how they experience the various activities in different settings of their lives. The participants were composed of three groups: working men, working women, and housewives. In order to minimize recall biases, participants were asked to systematically reconstruct their activities and experiences of the preceding day. In general, the three groups showed no differences in the levels of life satisfaction. The participants reported the most happiness when they spent time with their spouse/partner and when they did eating. Eating, working, and talking were the most frequent daily activities and participants overall experienced positive emotions more than negative emotions. As for the daily emotion experiences by time periods, working men and women groups experienced most happiness during the lunch time and after work; on the contrary, the working time was reported as the most tiring and stressful time of the day. Implications of measuring life satisfaction using the DRM were discussed.