Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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Vol.21 No.4
Abstract
The present research examined the link between people's lay theories of happiness and individual differences in subjective well-being level. Specifically, it was predicted that those who strongly believe that only a fixed amount of happiness exists in this world and also in each person's life would be less happy than others, even after controlling for extraversion and neuroticism. In addition to mean levels, this belief in limited happiness was expected to predict various relational, behavioral, and cognitive characteristics of the person. It was found that those who strongly endorsed the BIFAH 1) were rated less favorable by others, 2) capitalized less on positive events, and 3) made trend-reversing forecasts of future happiness.
Abstract
The present research examined the link between people's lay theories of happiness and individual differences in subjective well-being level. Specifically, it was predicted that those who strongly believe that only a fixed amount of happiness exists in this world and also in each person's life would be less happy than others, even after controlling for extraversion and neuroticism. In addition to mean levels, this belief in limited happiness was expected to predict various relational, behavioral, and cognitive characteristics of the person. It was found that those who strongly endorsed the BIFAH 1) were rated less favorable by others, 2) capitalized less on positive events, and 3) made trend-reversing forecasts of future happiness.
Abstract
Compared with the individualistic culture of Western countries (e.g. America, Canada, Australia, Britain, France, Germany, and Netherlands etc.), East Asian countries (e.g. Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore etc.) have the collectivistic culture. People in these two cultures have different psychological and behavioral tendencies. In individualistic culture, they place high values on the independence and autonomy, frank expression of private feelings and needs, and stable consistency between personal dispositions and behaviors. On the other hand, in collectivistic culture they strive to achieve interdependence and harmony with others, to control the private feelings and needs, and to change themselves in accordance with their situations and relations with others. On the background of these differences, there lie different views of human being in general and the self-construal. That is, those living in the individualistic culture have individual-centered view of human being and independent (and separate) self-construal; in contrast with this, those in the collectivistic culture have relation-centered view of human being and interdependent (and holistic) self-construal. In this paper, the author tried to explicate the origins of these cultural differences in the traditional systems of thought in the Western and East Asian societies, and their theories of ideal person derived from these systems. From these review, it was found that the origin of Western individualism lies in the ideocentric liberalism, and that of East Asian collectivism lies in the strong tradition of Confucianism.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify Korean immigrants' characteristics and the factors affecting their psychological adaptation. Two hundred forty two immigrants were asked to respond to the questionnaires. Demographic variables, personal sociocultural variables, motivation of immigration and the perception of congruence between expectation and reality were measured as the factors affecting psychological adaptation, and Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) were used to measure psychological adaptation level. All predictive variables were categorized into ‘pre-migratory decision stage' and ‘post- migratory adaptation stage'. Variables on pre-migratory decision stage include gender, age, education, satisfaction with Korean life, expectation of immigration and motivation of immigration, and variables on post-migratory stage include duration of living in Australia, English proficiency, income and congruence between expectation and reality. Among pre-migratory decision stage variables, education was positively related to life satisfaction and negatively related to depression and anxiety, and avoidance motivation was positively related to anxiety. Among post-migratory adaptation stage variables, English proficiency and income were positively related to life satisfaction and negatively related to depression and anxiety, and level of congruence between expectation and reality was positively related to life satisfaction and negatively related to depression and anxiety. Factor analyses divided congruence between expectation and reality into relational, social, economic and quality of life factors, and relational and quality of life factors significantly predict immigrants' depression, anxiety and life satisfaction. There were gender differences in the factors related to psychological adaptation.
Abstract
Recent studies has highlighted the effect of emotional conflict and active suppression on health and personality. The present study examined the structure and validity of Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire(King & Emmons, 1990) to examine how emotional conflict and suppression work in the Korean context. Two samples of 299, 690 college students completed AEQ-K, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire(ERQ_suppression), Action and Acceptance Questionnaire(AAQ), and Brief Symptom Inventory(BSI). A two factor solution was explored. ‘Self-defensive AE' factor encompass difficulties in emotional expression and fear of the rejection or inappropriateness, while ‘Relation-involved AE‘ factor reflect behavioral control considering relationship and impression management. Correlation analysis reveals that individuals with high self-defensive AE not only regulate emotion through suppression but also avoid private events. showing high level of psychological symptoms. On the contrary, individuals with relationship-involved AE highly control their emotional expression but have little avoidance, and show low level of psychological symptoms. The roles of avoidance and cultural difference in AEQ-K were discussed.
Abstract
The present study explored whether the values people endorsed predicted the attitudes toward minority groups in Korea. More specifically, I examined through a nation-wide survey (N=2000) whether the value of universalism predicted positive attitudes toward minority groups such as East-Asian workers, the disabled, the defectors from North Korea, North Koreans, and Honam people, while the values of power and self direction․achievement predicted negatively the attitudes toward these minority groups. I also examined the effect of these values on the attitudes toward the governmental policies for the minority groups. The results demonstrated that Koreans showed more negative attitudes towards East-Asian workers, the disabled, the defectors from North Korea, North Koreans than towards Honam and Youngnam people. The results of the regression analysis generally supported the hypotheses. That is, power value predicted negative attitudes towards minority groups while it was related to positive attitudes toward Youngnam people. On the other hand, universalism value that people held predicted positive attitudes toward minority groups as well as positive attitudes toward policies for the minorities. I discussed these results in terms of the theoretical and practical implications.
Abstract
The present study examined whether reactions to suppression of a collectivistic symbol varies across individuals with different chronic levels of collectivism. Participants in the suppression condition were instructed to actively avoid thinking about the Korean national flag. The cognition pattern of individuals with a strong collectivistic identity became less collectivistic in reaction to the flag suppression instruction. In contrast, those with a relatively weak collectivistic self-view showed accentuated collectivistic tendencies in the suppression condition. The desire to maintain an optimal level of separateness and belongingness (Brewer, 1991) seems to evoke different reactions between high/low collectivistic individuals to suppressions of cultural symbols.
Abstract
This study investigated the factors that construct Koreans' self-esteem on the assumption that it would reflect both individualistic and collectivistic dimensions. The study constructed an inventory for Koreans' self-esteem and verified the reliability and validity. In the pilot study, 252 respondents answered 4 open-ended questions about the situations in which they feel proud of or worthy on theirselves. The answers were summarized into 18 categories that including 8 individualistic and 10 collectivistic categories. The preliminary items included these 18 items and 5 theoretical items. In the main study, 295 respondents answered the questionnaire which included 5 scales(Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, Psychological well-being scale, SDS depression scale, Individualism-Collectivism scale and preliminary items). Based on the results of item-total correlation analysis and factor analysis, 6 individualism related items and 6 collectivism related items were selected for the new “2-factor Self-Esteem Scale”. The reliability of this scale was .79. It showed high correlations with Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, psychological well-being, and depression which supports its usefulness as a self-esteem scale. The results showed that the mean of the collectivistic factor is higher than the individualistic factor and the standard deviation of the collectivistic factor is smaller than the individualistic factor.
Abstract
This study was conducted to explore the structure of emotional expressivity among Korean adults and to construct the emotional expressivity scale (KEES), and to examine its reliability and validity. A pool of preliminary items were selected, based on the item analysis of an open questionnaire which was to search the characteristics of a highly emotional expressive person, and administered to 258 undergraduates and 105 normal adults, and KEES with 16 items was constructed using factor analyses on the data. KEES was highly reliable in terms of internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Factor analyses revealed that KEES had consistently three factors labeled ‘Activity', ‘Yeon-Min and In-Jeong', and ‘Expressivity'. And KEES was found to be highly correlated with other expressivity scales and personality variables, hence these results indicated that KEES had good construct validity. Also the implications and limitations of this study were discussed, and future directions of study were suggested.