Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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ISSN : 1229-0653
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Vol.31 No.1
Abstract
Evolutionary psychologists posit that humans have an evolved ostracism detection system designed to solve recurrent adaptive problems associated with social exclusion affecting one's survival and reproduction and that such system is flexibly operated in response to individual and environmental/situational factors. Risk sensitivity theory further posits that organisms' risk-taking depends on whether they have safe means that can be met their survival and reproductive needs or not. Based on these hypotheses, we investigated whether socially excluded individuals take more risk than included ones and whether personal traits(approach motivation and prenatal testosterone) and economic environment (family income) influence risk-taking. The results revealed that socially excluded individuals had greater risk taking than included ones. With regard to personal traits and environment, individuals with high level of prenatal testosterone (measured by 2D:4D) took more risks than those with low level of prenatal testosterone in social exclusion, but not in inclusion condition. Furthermore, the interaction effect of approach motivation and income on risk-taking was also significant only in exclusion condition. Specifically, low income individuals with high approach motivation had greater risk-taking than those with low approach motivation. On the other hand, the risk-taking of high-income individuals with high approach motivation did not differ from those with low approach motivation. Results indicate that although social exclusion alone appears to be a situational predictor of risk taking, it also interplay with personal traits and economic environment in predicting risk taking behavior.
Abstract
Conflict of interest (COI) can lead people to give self-interested consultation in a field of business, medical/ pharmaceutical industry, research etc. Disclosure is often proposed as a remedy for various problems of COI but prior studies have reported inconsistent results regarding its effects on consultation. This study compared the differential effects of voluntary and mandatory disclosure of COI during consultation. A total of 109 participants were randomly assigned to one of 3 conditions: voluntary disclosure, mandatory disclosure, or non-disclosure. Participants were asked to provide consultation to a virtual partner in an on-line experiment; then, a questionnaire was administered to the participants to examine the effects of moral licensing. The results showed that participants who chose to disclose COI were less likely to provide self-interested consultation than participants who chose not to disclose COI. In contrast, participants who mandatorily disclosed COI were more likely to provide self-interested consultation compared to participants assigned to non-disclosure condition. Also, participants who mandatorily disclosed COI were more likely to consider their self-interested consultation as morally correct than non-disclosure condition. Implications and limitations are further discussed.
Abstract
Individuals differ in their beliefs about happiness. Research has shown that those who endorse a more socially-oriented view of happiness tend to report greater well-being. In this study, we examined whether this pattern is moderated by one's level of extraversion. Across two studies, we led participants to write down three words that come to their mind when thinking of “happiness,” and counted the number of socially related words, such as friend and love (range, 0-3). Higher frequency of social words are considered to reflect a tendency of viewing happiness in a social manner. Results showed that the benefits of holding a relation-centered theory of happiness were found only among introverts. Specifically, among individuals high in trait extraversion, there was no relationship between the number of social words and life satisfaction. When it comes to introverts, however, those who mentioned more social words were likely to experience greater life satisfaction (Study 1) and recall more positive events of the day (Study 2). Although extraversion is a significant determinant of happiness, our results imply that low extraversion can partially be compensated by building a personal theory of happiness centered on relationships.
Abstract
Meaning in life is an important influencing factor on mental health and well-being throughout the entire life of human. Recently, the psychological effects of the presence of meaning and the search for meaning in life, which are the construct of meaning in life, have been received an attention. This study investigated the relationship between the search for meaning in life, the presence of meaning in life, and satisfaction with life in the three age groups (teenagers, twenties and forties) to suggest differences at the developmental viewpoint. Moderating effects of the search for meaning between the presence of meaning and the satisfaction with life of the age groups were also analyzed. A total of 353 participants (168 males and 185 females) was investigated for this study. The age distribution was as follows: 121 teenagers, 133 twenties, and 99 forties. The results suggested that the search for meaning in life level of teenagers was higher than that of twenties and forties, and the presence of meaning in life of forties was higher than that of teenagers and twenties. Independent relationship between the search for meaning and satisfaction with life showed some positive in twenties, but no relevance in other age groups. The relationship between the presence of meaning and satisfaction with life in twenties and forties was more positive than teenagers. The more the search for meaning has, the more influence effects between the presence of meaning and satisfaction with life in teenagers and twenties, but the tendency was opposite in forties. The results were compared with the foreign study and discussed at the point of developmental view.
Abstract
Family background and mental illness have been identified and emphasized as a risk factor for delinquency in previous studies. This study aimed to identify mediating effect of mental illness between history of abuse and problematic behavior in juvenile criminal. The subjects were 264 inmates who have applied for conditional release and they divided into two groups according to abuse experience. Cross tabulation analysis and group t-test were conducted to identify difference in mental illness and problematic behavior between abuse history and non-abuse history groups, and path analysis was performed to demonstrate mediating effect of mental illness.The result revealed that juvenile inmates with abuse experience tended to have more penalty point, longer probation and detention period, less correction score and bonus point, and showed more mental illness symptom. Moreover, mental illness worked as mediator between abuse experience and problematic behavior, which included detention period, bonus point, penalty point and similar type of criminal record.