Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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ISSN : 1229-0653
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Vol.37 No.4
Abstract
Loneliness causes serious social issue that negatively affects individuals' mental and physical health. Nonetheless, lonely individuals often struggle to escape the burden of loneliness, and their symptoms even get worse in some cases. One of the major factors is the negative cognitive biases triggered by loneliness. According to these biases, lonely individuals not only become more sensitive to negative stimuli in their environment but also tend to interpret the same stimuli in a more negative manner. In this regard, this study utilizes the facial emotion recognition process-a key cue in social communication-and aims to investigate the differences in gaze patterns on emotional faces depending on individuals' levels of loneliness. To achieve this, a preliminary loneliness survey was conducted among 127 participants. Total 48 individuals were selected-24 for the high-loneliness group(HLG) and 24 for the low-loneliness group(LLG)-based on ±1 standard deviation on estimated mean. Subsequently, eye-tracker were used to compare and analyze their gaze patterns when viewing angry, happy, and neutral face. In this context, gaze patterns refer to the number of fixations and the duration of fixations on specific areas of the face, such as the eyes, nose, and mouth, in response to facial emotional stimuli. The main findings of this study are as follows: 1) HLG tend to avoid gaze on the eye region compared to LLG-lower number of fixations and shorter fixation durations. This gaze pattern was consistent not only for angry but also for happy and neutral face. 2) HLG showed a longer fixation duration on the nose region compared to LLG. This study contributes to the existing research on emotion recognition by examining gaze patterns toward emotional face in lonely individuals and provides new insights into the cognitive characteristics of loneliness.
Abstract
This study attempted to identify the relationships between right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), social dominance orientation (SDO) and xenophobia, an exclusive and discriminatory attitude toward immigrants, and to verify the mediating effects of dehumanization of immigrants in these relations. RWA and SDO have been noted as predictors of prejudice against many outgroups, and dehumanization was considered as important mediating variables in this relations because it may justify and perpetuate xenophobia. For these purposes, an online survey was conducted for college students nationwide. After excluding unreliable responses, a total of 191 data was analyzed using SPSS 21 and PROCESS Macro v4.1 programs. The results showed that RWA, SDO, dehumanization towards immigrants and xenophobia were significantly positively correlated with one another. In addition, RWA had both direct and indirect effects through dehumanization on xenophobia, whereas SDO had only an indirect effect through dehumanization. This study confirmed that RWA and SDO are individual difference variables that can predict xenophobia, and have indirect effects through dehumanizing perceptions of immigrants in these relationships, respectively. Finally, we discussed the implications and limitations of this study, and suggestions for future research.
Abstract
Previous research shows that subjective well-being is associated with positive intimate interpersonal relation. Considering the importance of construal however, the perception of interpersonal relation should be further studied in relation to subjective well-being. Thus, in the present research, we examined the relationship between essentialist beliefs about happiness (EBH), perception of interpersonal relation, and life satisfaction. Specifically, we hypothesized that perception of interpersonal relation would play a critical role in the association between EBH and life satisfaction. The results across the two studies (N=402) were consistent with our hypothesis. Specifically, Study 1 revealed that greater levels of EBH are associated with the tendency to perceive interpersonal relation as less important in happiness, which, in turn, was negatively associated with momentary happiness as well as overall life satisfaction. To identify the causal effect of EBH on interpersonal relation, we manipulate EBH in Study 2. We led participants to believe that happiness is largely determined by either genes (high EBH) or efforts (low EBH). Compared with those in the effort condition, participants in the gene condition showed significantly lower levels of intimacy in their interpersonal relation as well as life satisfaction. Moreover, we found that the negative effect of the EBH on life satisfaction was significantly mediated by intimacy in interpersonal relation. Overall, the present results suggest that perception of interpersonal relation is a critical factor in the association between EBH and happiness.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the moderating role of identity development and college year in the relation between upward social comparison and negative self-evaluation among college students. Based on the dual-cycle model proposed by Luyckx et al. (2006, 2008), we hypothesized that commitment variables (commitment making and identification with commitment) would moderate the negative effect of upward social comparison on self-evaluation. Additionally, we expected that the interaction between upward social comparison and identity development would vary between lower-year and upper-year students due to differences in the perceived attainability of the target’s success. A total of 121 undergraduate students completed a measure of identity development, were randomly assigned to either the upward social comparison condition or control condition, completed a self-evaluation measure, and reported their college year. As a result, we found significant three-way interactions among upward social comparison, college year, and commitment variables (marginally significant for commitment making). Specifically, the significant interaction between upward social comparison and commitment variables was observed only among upper-year students. This indicated that upper-year students with high commitment making or identification with commitment did not differ in their self-evaluation regardless of a condition they were assigned to, while those with low commitment making or identification with commitment exhibited lower self-evaluation in upward social comparison condition than the control condition.
Abstract
The present paper is to report the development and validation of a loneliness scale that is based on a second-order common factor model assuming first-order factors incorporating four different theoretical perspectives toward loneliness. The scale consists of 40 items to measure the sense of estrangement (interpersonal loneliness), reduced sociability (intrapersonal loneliness), the sense of isolation (existential loneliness), and the sense of self-worth as a known preventive and alleviating factor. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses involving 1,170 respondents between the ages of 18 and 75 clearly showed a second-order common factor structure consisting of four primary factors. The reliability of the scale was found acceptable with internal consistency coefficients () ranged between .881 and .962. Criterion validity, concurrent validity, discriminant validity, and construct validity were all confirmed as expected. Since the loneliness scale developed in this study measures various types of loneliness experienced by adults in a wide age range, it is expected that it can be used as a tool to provide basic data on the general reality of loneliness and social isolation experienced by people in the society.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of impulsivity in the relationship between trait anxiety and aggression among prisoners. In addition, the moderated mediating effect of negative automatic thoughts was investigated in the indirect effect of impulsivity between trait anxiety and aggression. For this purpose, data were collected from 500 prisoners of a correctional institution in P, Korea, and analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and SPSS Macro. The results of the study showed that the relationship between trait anxiety and aggression was significantly mediated by impulsivity, indicating a partial mediation effect, and that the moderated mediation effect of negative automatic thoughts were also significant. This findings confirm that the mediating effect of impulsivity in the relationship between trait anxiety and aggression increases while higher level of negative automatic thoughts. This study offers implication of negative automatic thoughts in explaining aggression among prisoners to correctional officers and correctional psychologists.
Abstract
This study aims to expand the research on cultural differences in future self-continuity. Specifically, the study measured holistic thinking style and a long-term orientation, known to be predominant in East Asian culture, at the dispositional and contextual levels, and explored how these tendencies influence perceiving future self-continuity. The result showed that a holistic thinking style and long-term orientation increased future self-continuity. Also, these relationships were mediated by the proximity of the future time distance. This study presents the need to explore various variables related to future self-continuity. This study aimed to build upon prior research regarding cultural differences in individuals' perceptions of their future selves in both East and West contexts. More specifically, it sought to investigate whether a higher degree of holistic thinking and long-term orientation were associated with an enhanced sense of future self-continuity, irrespective of cultural contexts. To test this hypothesis, Study 1 examined how individual differences in holistic thinking and long-term orientation might impact future self-continuity. In Studies 2 and 3, holistic thinking styles and long-term orientation were experimentally manipulated to assess the resulting differences in future self-continuity among groups. The study's findings indicated that individuals with a more holistic thinking style and a stronger long-term orientation exhibited a heightened sense of future self-continuity. Furthermore, it was discovered that this relationship was mediated by the perception of temporal proximity. Overall, this research underscores the significance of exploring various factors that may influence an individual's perception of future self-continuity.