Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology
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ISSN : 1229-0653
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Vol.12 No.2
Abstract
Continued from the previous papers(Cho, 1994, 1995, 1997a) regarding Hsun Tzu's theories of the relationship between heaven(the universe) and human being, of the human nature, and of the proper conduct(Li, 禮), this article aimed at extracting some psychological lessons from Hsun Tzu's theory of the learning and self-cultivation. Hsun Tzu proposed that man should learn the principles of proper conduct(the U) and accept them as the highest norms for all of his acts, and practice them in everyday life, then he might develop into the state of a sage after all. From Hsun Tzu's theory of learning and self-cultivation like this, the author inferred two research issues and discussed their psychological implications in comparison with the research trends and contents of modern Western psychology: a study on the self-control and a study on the mature(or healthy) personality.
Abstract
The controversy over the effect of reward on intrinsic motivation between cognitively oriented investigators and behaviorists was reviewed. Since Deci(1971) and Lepper et al.(1973) found the decremental effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation, numerous re-interpretations and alternative theories have been proposed. Cameron and Pierce(1994) performed a meta-analytic review of the experimental literature on the effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation. They concluded that the detrimental effects of rewards appears under limited situations and can be easily avoided, which directly contradicts other mesa-analytic review presented by Tang and Hall(1994). In the present study, the above meta-analytic reviews were examined and compared to find a resolution between the two conflicting perspectives. The debate concerning the effects of rewards on creativity was also reviewed. Amabile argues that rewards produce detrimental effects on creativity, while Eisenberger suggests that rewards of divergent thought promote generalized creativity. Finally, the conditions under which rewards can be effectively used in actual industrial settings were discussed.
Abstract
In recent years the importance of an indigenous psychological approach has been asserted in the context of cultural psychological discourse, especially in the debate on overcoming the problems of the cross-cultural psychological paradigm. However, the problem of the dichotomy between particularism and universalism remains unsolved. Despite this lack of clarity the relevance of the indigenous psychological attempt to formulate a socio-cultural construction of meaning systems may not be ignored as, in our opinion, it is essential to construct a cultural psychological ethos which allows for the discussion of the diversity and complexity of differing cultural, intercultural, and cross-cultural concepts. In our contribution we would like to introduce a number of psychological mechanisms which are of great importance in everyday Korean life: for example, "Han", "Cheong", "Shim-Cheong". These mechanisms form the foundation of Korean social interaction, and play a decisive role in the construction of "we-ness"In social interaction, especially in conflict situations, "we-ness" is, through constant reconstruction of past events, regularly redefined. In this discourse the past events are not related to actual occurrences, but rather they are the product of the joint construction of meanings. We refer this process, which is difficult to define through existing social psychological categories, as "Shim-Cheong" psychology. This could be perhaps best translated as "affection of mind" psychology. The available categories of academic psychology which are exclusively developed in European and American Universities, always imply the norms and ideologies of Western societies. If we can define the cultural psychological project as an attempt to reconstruct or deconstruct such categories, then our attempt to categoric; the psychological processes, which entail differing cultural-historical backgrounds, is well suited to the task of cultural psychology. We do not imply that these mechanisms can not be understood by Western psychologists, but we wish to demonstrate that there are alternative ways and means for the construction of psychological theories.
Abstract
This study analyzed factors influencing women's job consciousness, aiming at delineating implications for developing a trainging program to promote women's job consciousness and adaptability. 1,227 female employees were surveyed. The results of path analyses revealed that some variables, such as job satisfaction and the experience of gender discrimination in the workplace, affected job consciousness of women in general. However, differences were found depending on the marrital status of respondents. The variables affected unmarried women workers were job satisfaction, age and the degree of experiences of gender discrimination, whereas those affected married women were the number of children, job satisfaction, the total year of employment, experiences of gender discrimination, sex role attitudes, etc. The implications were discussed for the development of a training program to strengthen women's job consciousness.
Abstract
The present study examined the variations in emotion response patterning according to differences in sex, generation and personality variables. The questionnaire based on Wallbott and Scherer(1994)'s was constructed and also included were Positive and Negative Affect Schedule(PANAS), Emotional Expressivity Scale(EES) and Ego Resiliency Scale. The subjective experience, expression and physiological arousal of emotional event were investigated. Specifically, the analyses included antecedent event, frequency, duration, and intensity of the experienced emotions, as well as physiological and expressive responses, to four basic emotions, namely joy, sadness, anger, and fear. Besides sex and generation, further analyses were performed on the emotional responses according to the personality variables and within-and-between family comparisons. The results revealed that significant sex and generational differences exist in emotional response patterning. Specifically, clear generational differences in frequency, duration, and intensity of emotional experiences were found. Furthermore, variations in physiological responses, approach-withdrawal behavior, nonverbal, paralinguistic, and verbal behaviors to all four emotions were found to exist according to sex and generational differences. The results obtained from the personality measures and within-and-between family comparisons were presented. Finally, the limitations of the present study and the implications for future investigations were discussed.
Abstract
This study was to test three hypotheses on intergroup discrimination process: (1) that intergroup discrimination might be lessened when the person defines himself as personal identity, and (2) that there are social egocentrism in the group relationship, and (3) that when the person defines himself as social identity, group-norm oriented processing will be done. Four experiments were conducted to test this. Three experiments(experiment 1, 2 and 3) among them employed artificial categories(yellow and pink group but, all subjects were yellow in real), and one experiments(experiment 4) employed natural categories(humanity major vs. science major but, only humanity major students participated). The first hypothesis was supported by the results of Experiment 1, 2, and the second by those of Experiment 3 and the third by those of Experiment 4.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to propose the psychological process model of UIRYESUNG(Ritualized Social Behavior) and its functions in korean interactions. The examples of UIRYESUNG arising in daily life, will be described from a phenomenological perspective. The psychological innate attributes of UIRYESUNG interactions will be prescribed. Through this process, the relationship of UIRYESUNG with social psychological theories and concepts will be examined. The comparison of UIRYESUNG, with ingratiation, etiquette and politeness will be provided, highlighting similarities and differences between these concepts. Further, the misunderstanding of UIRYESUNG interactions as being a form of formalistic behavior or doublehearted action by ethnological and folk-customs scholars, will be critically examined. Preliminary survey results suggest three distinct categories concerning the psychological process of UIRYESUNG interactions; conventional, other-oriented and dual-minded reciprocal. The implication of this study is a starting point for the deeper understanding of the social interaction and relationship of the korean. Also the clearer understanding of the UIRYESUNG interactions of Korean will decrease the biases, as nonKorean interact with Korean in various cross-cultural settings, and aid in the investigation of the social and psychological characteristics of the Korean.
Abstract
This paper considered the moderator variable approach to agreement, with an emphasis on previous empirical findings and research methods. Differences both between two types of agreement (self-peer agreement and peer-peer agreement) and among three measures of agreement (discrepancy, correlation, and variance) were discussed. In addition, several problems with two conventional methods (target-based and trait-based methods) for testing moderators (behavioral consistency, observability, and social desirability) were identified. Review of literature on the moderators suggests that there is no convergence in empirical findings of the effects of the moderators except for observability. It was argued that this general failure of the moderator variable approach is due at least partially to problems with methods used. A recently developed method based on target standing was also introduced. Finally, application of the moderator variable approach and direction of future research were discussed.
Abstract
A questionnaire of dating relationships was administered to 612 male and female college students(including 237 students who have present dating relationships). The variables correlated with number of past date partners were age of first date(r=.35), social skills and knowledge of techniques related to heterosexual relationships(r=.34), favorableness of heterosexual situations(r=.24), etc., and level of socio-economic status, general sociablity, self-esteem, emotional empathy and personal resources have no significant correlations to number of past date partner; The determinant variables(R²) of number of past date partners were age of first date(.13), age(.10), degree of received date-propose(.05), social skills and knowledge of techniques related to heterosexual relationships(.02), satisfaction of past heterosexual relationships(.03), height(.0l) and general ability of heterosexual relationships(.0l). The variables highly correlated with commitment, satisfaction and love were centrality(or importance)of dating relationships(r=.71~.76), compatibility(r=.66~.74), and social exchange variables and many other variables also have significant correlations with above variables. The determinant variables(R²) of commitment were satisfaction(.79), love(.05), over-benefit(.02) and physical attraction of partners(.0l). The determinant variables(R²>) of satisfaction were compatibility(.72), centrality(or importance) of dating relationships(.10), physical attractiveness of partners(.06), normative support(.02) and comparison level(.02). The determinant variables(R²>) of love were commitment(.63), general intimacy of relationship(.09), comparison level(.05) and self-disclosure(.02). The concepts of commitment, satisfaction and love and problems related to theory of interdependence and investment model were discussed.